用凝胶电泳法研究小麦叶片衰老期间的内肽酶同工酶

采用SDS－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS－PAGE）和梯度凝胶电泳方法，研究了小麦旗叶暗诱导衰老过程中内肽酶同工酶的变化。发现用SDS－PAGE法几科检测不到新的内肽酶同工酶；用梯度凝胶电泳法则能检测到6种新的同工酶，而且在第一叶自然衰老过程中也能检测到。表明在这两种衰老过程中内肽酶酶谱变化基本相似。     

檫木叶片秋季衰老时叶色、色素和营养元素的关系

【目的】从叶片衰老角度研究檫木叶片叶色、色素和营养元素的变化规律,为秋色叶观赏树种檫木的选育以及栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以栽植于同一环境条件下的3年生檫木为试验材料,从檫木叶片停止生长到脱落,分5个时期对叶片的叶色值、色素含量和营养元素含量进行观测和分析。【结果】观测前期与观测后期,檫木叶片叶色值、色素含量和营养元素含量存在极显著差异;叶片进入衰老阶段后,叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量呈下降趋势,而花色素苷含量逐渐上升;N、P、K含量在叶片衰老阶段逐渐下降。由典型相关分析可知,叶色a*值与叶绿素含量具有显著负相关,与花色素苷含量呈显著正相关;花色素苷含量与N含量成反比,类胡萝卜素含量与P含量成正比;N元素再利用效率的载荷值符号与N含量载荷值的符号相反,而P元素再利用效率的载荷值符号与P含量载荷值的符号相同;檫木叶片衰老分为3个阶段,第1阶段从9月中下旬到10月上旬,为叶片衰老准备期;第2阶段从10月中下旬到11月上旬,为叶片缓慢衰老期;第3阶段从11月中下旬到叶片脱落,为叶片衰老末期。【结论】檫木叶色最佳观赏期是从10月中下旬到11月上旬的叶片缓慢衰老期;从叶片衰老准备期到叶片衰老末期,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素被分解,花色素苷合成;N、P、K 3种营养元素逐渐被转移,其中N含量越高,N元素再利用效率就越低;与之相反,P含量越高,P元素再利用效率就越高。     

柳杉细根衰老过程中的养分内循环

将柳杉细根剥离土壤,加速细根衰老,测定并分析柳杉细根衰老期间不同根序细根的N,P,K及Ca浓度变化以及N,P,K浓度与Ca浓度比值的变化趋势。结果表明:1)在柳杉细根死亡过程中,N及K存在明显的内循环,Ca内循环不明显,P没有内循环;2)养分内循环首先出现在1级细根,其次是2和3级细根,表明细根衰老和死亡顺序与生长顺序相反;3)养分回输表现为阶段性,1级细根首先回输到2级细根,2级细根再回输到3级细根;4)柳杉细根中N,P,K浓度变化趋势和它们与Ca浓度比值的变化趋势基本一致。     

适用于表征古树衰老的生理指标

随着古树的衰老,代谢水平逐渐下降,多种酶趋于降解,营养物质合成速率降低,叶绿体和线粒体活力降低,明显出现器官水平上的程序化细胞死亡。本文概述近20年来国内外对古树叶片超微结构、叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、活性氧防御系统、矿质营养元素等生理指标的检测和分析结果,旨在对古树的衰老检测和复壮提供理论依据和切实可行的方法。     

Inhibition of postharvest senescence of green leafy vegetables by exogenous D-cysteine and L-cysteine as precursors of hydrogen sulphide

Hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) inhibits senescence in harvested fruit and vegetables but presents logistical, safety and regulatory issues to become a commercial treatment. D-cysteine and L-cysteine are semi-essential amino acids that are metabolised to hydrogen sulphide by plant tissues albeit by different pathways. This paper examines the effect of cysteine on postharvest senescence of three green leafy vegetables. Spraying pak choy leaves with 10 mmol D-cysteine, L-cysteine or DL-cysteine inhibited leaf senescence through a delayed loss of green colour expressed as market life, reduced respiration rate and reduced ethylene production. The beneficial effects of cysteine were similar to those achieved by fumigation with hydrogen sulphide. L-cysteine sprays on parsley and peppermint leaves also showed reduced leaf colour loss and respiration compared to untreated leaves. Cysteine, either as the racemate or individual enantiomers, is considered to have commercial potential for green leafy vegetables as it provides the beneficial effect of hydrogen sulphide but should be easier to register for commercial use due to the GRAS status of L-cysteine.     

葡萄叶片衰老过程中不同光质对其光合和叶绿体超微结构的影响

以栽植于日光温室中适宜延迟栽培的‘贝达’砧‘意大利’葡萄为试材,自2013年8月1日始至落叶(2014年1月31日)止每天分别进行红光和蓝光不同光质延长光照至24:00补光处理,以不补光作为对照,研究不同光质补光处理对葡萄叶片衰老过程中叶片的外观形态特征、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m、可溶性蛋白质含量和叶绿体超微结构的影响,为叶片抗衰老技术的研发提供理论依据。研究结果表明:补充红光显著提高了叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m值和可溶性蛋白质含量,叶绿体基粒片层排列整齐有序,明显减缓了叶绿体超微结构的解体,显著延缓叶片衰老;补充蓝光处理前期显著降低了叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m值和可溶性蛋白质含量,破坏了叶绿体的超微结构,加速了植株的衰老进程;但在叶片衰老后期,叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m值和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐高于对照,并且叶绿体的基粒片层比对照排列整齐有序,在一定程度上延缓了叶片衰老。补充蓝光处理的叶片可溶性蛋白质含量一直显著高于补充红光和对照。综上,补充红光处理有效延缓了叶片衰老进程,延长了叶片的生理功能期。     

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)合成途径和水稻叶片早衰

叶片是植物进行光合作用的主要场所,其衰老由内源遗传发育信号和外界环境胁迫所启动,是一个非常复杂有序的调控过程。烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD)是脱氢酶的辅酶,在糖酵解、糖异生、三羧酸循环以及呼吸链等代谢中发挥着不可替代的作用。最新研究表明,水稻NAD生物合成参与调控沉默信息调控因子Sirtuins的生物活性、组蛋白H3K9去乙酰化、植物激素茉莉酸(JA)和叶片衰老。本文综述了有关水稻叶片衰老的细胞生理特征、Sirtuins酶活、NAD生物合成以及水稻早衰的OsSRT1-NAD调控途径和OsSRT1-Me OH-JA调控途径,以期阐明水稻叶片衰老的分子机理及其调控途径,为高产育种提供相应的理论参考。     

Strawberry Shelf Life,Composition, and Enzymes Activity in Response to Edible Chitosan Coatings

A series of active biodegradable coatings based on chitosan, gelatin, starch, and sorbitol with or without monoterpenes (geraniol and thymol) were prepared and applied on fresh strawberry fruit as postharvest treatments. The coated fruits were inoculated with fungal spores of Botrytis cinerea and stored for 7 days at 4 °C. Decay incidence, weight loss, anthocyanins, total soluble solids (TSS), total soluble phenolics (TSP), polygalacturonase (PGase), pectin-lyase (PLase), antioxidant activity, guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) were elucidated in the fruits of experimental sets and they were compared with that of controls. The coatings showed a significant effect on the development of quality variables, with the additional effect of geraniol and thymol as a function of the polysaccharide matrix. The coatings inhibited decay incidence, reduced weight loss, delayed changes in the contents of anthocyanin, TSS, and total soluble phenolics; inhibited the increase in G-POD and PPO activities; and retarded the reduction in CAT activity. Compared to the controls, all of the coatings had positive effects on the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes (PGase and PLase) and among all the tested coatings, T5, chitosan (1%) + starch (1%) + sorbitol (0.5%) + tween (0.05%) + thymol (0.02%) was the best. This formulation showed also the highest antimicrobial activity and the greatest effect on other physiochemical parameters and it can be suggested to use it as a useful coating agent for extending the shelf-life and maintaining quality of strawberry fruit.     

New Approaches to Modeling Methyl Jasmonate Effects on Pomegranate Quality during Postharvest Storage

Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic algorithm–artificial neural network (GA-ANN) models were used to predict the effect of methyl jasmonate (at three levels 0, 0.01, and 0.1 mM) and storage time (0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days) on quality parameters and physiological changes of pomegranate fruits during storage. Methyl jasmonate reduced chilling injury and improved quality characteristics of pomegranates during postharvest storage. The GA-ANN and ANFIS were fed with two inputs of methyl jasmonate and storage time. The results showed that GA-ANN predictions agreed with experimental data and the GA-ANN with 14 neurons in one hidden layer can predict physiological changes and quality parameters of pomegranate (weight loss, pH, chilling injury index, ion leakage, ethylene, respiration, polyphenols, anthocyanins, and total antioxidant activity) with correlation coefficients equal to 0.87. The ANFIS model was trained by a hybrid method and agreement between experimental data and ANFIS predictions was significant (r = 0.90).