二氯异氰尿酸钠、溴氯海因、敌杀死对鲶鱼的急性毒性试验

用生物毒性试验方法进行二氯异氰尿酸钠、溴氯海因、敌杀死对鲶鱼 (9～ 1 1cm )的急性毒性试验 ,结果表明三种药物的安全浓度分别为 0 1 8mg/L、 0 56mg/L、 0 0 0 4mg/L。     

碱提油菜子多糖的体外抗氧化活性研究

对碱提菜子多糖及其级分多糖进行了体外抗氧化活性研究.结果表明,碱提菜子粗多糖和级分多糖都能够减少小鼠肝匀浆丙二醛(MDA)的生成,抑制肝线粒体肿胀和红细胞氧化溶血.     

Impact of land use on nitrogen concentration in groundwater and river water

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of land use on nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in shallow groundwater (G-N) and total nitrogen (N) in river water (R-N). The study area consisted of 26 watersheds (1342 km²) covering 72% of Kagawa Prefecture in Japan. We estimated G-N specific concentrations, which showed the magnitude of the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use contributions to watershed-mean G-N. G-N specific concentrations were gained as partial regression coefficients using a multiple regression analysis of the watershed-mean G-N concentrations and the land-use ratios in each of the 26 watersheds. The results showed that the G-N specific concentration, which was gained as the partial regression coefficient for the multiple regression analysis, was 15.2 mg L^?1, 10.3 mg L^?1, 2.3 mg L^?1 and 2.5 mg L^?1 for the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use types, respectively. R-N pollution load runoff to the river mouth was calculated by multiplying R-N specific concentration (previously reported) by river flow at the river mouth. Similarly, G-N pollution load arrival to groundwater was calculated by multiplying G-N specific concentration by the groundwater flow. The R-N pollution load runoff was 19.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 7.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 7.6 kg ha^?1 y^?1, while the G-N pollution load arrival was 7.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 5.0 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.1 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 1.2 kg ha^?1 y^?1, for upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban areas, respectively. These results showed that the N in river water and groundwater was derived mainly from runoff and leaching from croplands. Therefore, the relationships between watershed-mean non-absorbed, applied nitrogen (NAA-N: nitrogen applied to cropland via fertilizer and manure without being absorbed by crops), R-N concentration and watershed-mean G-N concentration were investigated. A curvilinear correlation was observed between NAA-N and R-N concentrations (r² = 0.68) except for one small, high-density, urban watershed, and a weak linear correlation was observed between NAA-N and G-N concentrations (r² = 0.42).     

Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth and Elemental Concentration in Two Azalea Cultivars

Abstract

Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron canescens “Brook” and Rhododendron austrinum were grown in sand culture with a modified Hoagland's solution under greenhouse conditions. The effect of varying ammonium:nitrate (NO₃ ^?:NH₄ ⁺) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on growth, chlorophyll content, plant quality, and elemental tissue concentration were determined. With NO₃ ^? as the nitrogen (N) form, both azalea cultivars exhibited less vegetative growth, lower overall plant quality, with leaves showing visual chlorotic symptoms in comparison to plants receiving NH₄ ⁺ as the N‐form. Leachate pH was highest with NO₃ ^? as the predominate N‐form and decreased significantly with each increment of NH₄ ⁺. With both azalea cultivars, N‐form significantly influenced uptake and utilization of essential plant nutrients. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) were highest with NO₃ ^?‐N. Leaf elemental concentrations of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) increased as NH₄ ⁺ supplied more of the N‐ratio. Significant differences in Mg, Mn, and Zn were observed between species. Results from this study show that foliar N concentration is not an accurate indicator of plant growth response. Further investigations are needed to determine if foliarchlorosis and low growth rates observed with NO₃ ^? fed plants due to an Fe deficiency, to low nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the leaves, or to a combination of these factors.     

生物通风法修复柴油污染土壤模拟实验研究

通过生物通风技术修复不同柴油浓度污染土壤的土柱模拟实验,研究了各土柱中土壤总石油烃(total petroleum hydrocarbon,TPH)的去除规律,并对影响柴油去除效果的因素进行了分析,结果表明:①经过3个月的生物通风后,初始柴油浓度为5(柱Ⅰ)、10(柱Ⅱ)、20(柱Ⅲ)、40(柱Ⅳ)g/kg的土柱柴油去除率为ⅡⅠⅣⅢ,柱Ⅱ的修复效果最佳,半衰期为60.05天,TPH最终去除率达65.3%;②挥发和生物降解作用影响土柱中柴油的去除,由于重力引起的向下迁移作用只对柴油在土柱中的空间分布产生影响,三者共同作用决定各土柱不同取样口柴油的去除规律;③在实验过程中,各土柱土壤pH变化不大,初始柴油浓度越高土柱水分损失率越小;有效磷和速效氮含量均有所降低,柱Ⅲ降低率最大,分别为58.27%和31.87%,柱Ⅰ最小;土柱上层土壤中的酶活性要低于下层,过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。实验结果为研究各土柱中柴油的生物降解规律提供了依据。     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

多层二次风配风对玉米秸秆颗粒燃烧降低NOx产率及结渣的影响

秸秆类生物质具有碱金属及灰分含量高的特性,燃烧时灰分容易团聚结块而影响燃烧室内的配风及燃料的燃烧。本文设计了一种具有多层二次风配风的生物质燃烧试验装置,以玉米秸秆颗粒为燃料,研究了不同一二次风分级配比、多层二次风配比对烟气中CO、NOx等污染物浓度、燃烧效率及灰分结渣率的影响规律。结果表明：当采用一二次风分级配风时,能够显著降低烟气中NOx的浓度,烟气中CO和NOx的浓度变化趋势相反,呈现一种竞争关系。二次风位置较高或下层二次风量的减少,都易导致玉米秸秆颗粒燃烧不完全,CO浓度显著提升。与对照组相比,二次风多层配风下,燃烧室内各测点的温度和烟气中NOx浓度均有所降低,最低NOx浓度排放放生在W1工况（空气系数为1.2,一、二次风配比为60%：40%时,下、中、上二次风按（1/2,0,1/2））,约150 mg/m3。当采用二次风多层配风时,结渣率大幅度下降,最低为4.5%。W1工况的NOx浓度和结渣率均较低,综合评价为最优工况。常用的硅比指数G、碱酸比、Na含量指数、碱性指数Alc等4种结渣指数,均不能正确预测因燃料燃烧区温度T1变化而造成的结渣倾向变化,为此在硅比指数G中引入燃料燃烧区温度T1作为变量,修正后的硅比指数Gt可以很好地对玉米秸秆颗粒因燃料燃烧区温度T1引起的结渣倾向变化进行预测。     

CO2浓度升高条件下不同程度豌豆蚜危害对紫花苜蓿叶片营养物质和次生代谢物质的影响

由于人类大量开采使用石油、煤炭、天然气等化石燃料,使大气CO₂浓度升高,这不但加速全球变暖,还将影响地球上动植物的生存和分布,从而对整个生态系统产生深远影响。为探明CO₂浓度升高与豌豆蚜（Acyrthosiphon pisum）虫口密度对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）叶片内化学物质的影响,明确CO₂浓度升高和蚜虫密度在紫花苜蓿生理生化中的作用,试验在CO₂光照培养箱内设置380 μL·L^-1（对照）、550 μL·L^-1和750 μL·L^-1 3个CO₂浓度培育苜蓿幼苗并接入10日龄成蚜10头·株^-1、20头·株^-1、30头·株^-1,并以0头·株^-1作为空白对照,1周后测定植物体内营养物质和次生代谢物质含量。结果表明,随CO₂浓度升高,蚜虫密度为30头·株^-1时紫花苜蓿可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖以及淀粉含量均上升,在750 μL·L^-1 CO₂浓度下分别比CK上升11.62倍、0.49倍和0.24倍;黄酮、总酚和简单酚含量也显著上升。随蚜虫危害程度加重,同一CO₂浓度下紫花苜蓿淀粉、简单酚含量先上升后下降,高CO₂浓度蚜虫密度为30头·株^-1时比0头·株^-1时可溶性糖、总酚以及单宁含量上升1.66倍、1.49 mg·g^-1和1.09 mg·g^-1,差异均显著（P<0.05）。说明具有固氮作用的豆科植物更易于适应CO₂浓度升高的变化,从而在受到刺吸胁迫后增强自身诱导抗虫性以抵御害虫为害。     

蚯蚓与黑麦草相互作用对土壤中荧蒽去除的影响

Earthworms can promote the bioremediation of contaminated soils through enhancing plant growth and microorganism development. The individual and combined effects of earthworms and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on the removal of fluoranthene from a sandy-loam alluvial soil were investigated in a 70-d microcosm experiment. The experiment was set up in a complete factorial design with treatments in four replicates: without earthworms or ryegrass (control, CK), with earthworms only (E), with ryegrass only (P), and with both earthworms and ryegrass (EP). The residual fluoranthene, microbial biomass C, and polyphenol oxidase activity in the soil changed significantly (P<0.01) with time. In general, the residual concentration of fluoranthene in the soil decreased sharply from 71.8-88.7 to 31.7-37.4 mg kg 1 in 14 d, and then decreased gradually to 19.7-30.5 mg kg 1 on the 70th d. The fluoranthene concentration left in the soil was the least with both earthworms and ryegrass, compared to the other treatments at the end of the experiment. Half-life times of fluoranthene in the E, P, and EP treatments were 17.8%-36.3% smaller than that of CK. More fluoranthene was absorbed by earthworms than ryegrass. However, the total amounts of fluoranthene accumulated in both the ryegrass and earthworms were small, only accounting for 0.01%-1.20% of the lost fluoranthene. Therefore, we assumed that microbial degradation would play a dominant functional role in fluoranthene removal from soil. We found that earthworms significantly increased microbial biomass C and polyphenol oxidase activity (P<0.01) in the presence of ryegrass at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, microbial biomass C and polyphenol oxidase activity were significantly (P<0.05) and negatively related to the residual fluoranthene concentration. This implied that earthworms might promote the removal of fluoranthene from soil via stimulating microbial biomass C and polyphenol oxidase activity.     

CO2浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦光合面积及粒叶比的影响

利用开顶式气室和盆栽方法, 以冬小麦品种"小偃6号"和"小偃22"为供试材料, 在2种CO₂浓度(375 μL·L^-1和750 μL·L^-1)和3个施氮水平[0、0.15 g(N)·kg^-1(土)和0.30 g(N)·kg ^-1(土)]下分析了小麦抽穗期绿色叶片、非叶光合器官(茎鞘、穗、芒)的形态和光合面积以及粒叶比对CO₂浓度升高和施氮的反应。结果表明, 施氮有助于小麦叶和非叶光合器官伸长和增宽(粗), 增加其光合面积、穗粒数、穗粒重、粒数叶比和粒重叶比。与背景CO₂浓度(375 μL·L^-1)相比, CO₂浓度升高对叶片和茎节长度、茎叶和芒光合面积具有明显的正向效应(P<0.05), 但对叶宽、茎节直径、穗面积影响不明显(P>0.05), 使"小偃6号"和"小偃22"单茎光合面积分别增加8.1%~15.1%和2.8%~13.2%, 且均以0.30 g(N)·kg^-1(土)施氮水平下增幅最大。CO₂浓度升高后, 穗粒数和粒数叶比在3个施氮水平下均不同程度增加, 其中2个品种粒数叶比分别在0.30 g(N)·kg^-1(土)和0.15 g(N)·kg^-1(土)施氮水平下增加最明显, 增幅分别为44.2%和41.4%; 穗粒重和粒重叶比在不施氮时下降, 在施氮时显著增加, 其中2个品种粒重叶比平均增幅分别为43.6%和20.7%。由于芒面积远小于其他源器官面积, 在单茎光合面积中所占比例较小(3%左右), 因此认为CO₂浓度升高主要通过促进小麦茎叶伸长生长来增加光合面积, 同时提高单位叶面积库承载力和物质调运能力, 改善源库关系, 增加氮素供应有利于小麦源库生长对CO₂浓度升高的反应。