5种杨树种间及品种间同工酶的比较分析

[目的]为正确选择杂交亲本和杂种后代的鉴定提供依据。[方法]采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,对杨属的5种杨树过氧化物酶同工酶、细胞色素氧化酶同工酶的酶谱进行了比较分析。[结果]黑杨组和青杨组杨树的过氧化物酶同工酶和细胞色素氧化酶同工酶的酶谱带数较多,白杨组较少。形态相似的不同种之间过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱比较接近,相似系数较高。处在同一组的两种杨树之间的细胞色素氧化酶同工酶的相似系数较大,处在不同组之间的相似系数较小。青杨组与黑杨组的关系较近,与白杨组的关系相对较远。[结论]杨属中存在广泛的遗传多样性,利用同工酶分析可以找出品种间的细微差异。     

Transgenic potatoes expressing anErwinia pectate lyase gene — results of a 4-year field experiment

Summary Four potato lines of cv. Désirée that express the pectate lyase (PL) isoenzyme 3 ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica were examined in a 4-year field experiment with respect to plant development, tuber yield and resistance of tuber tissue toErwinia soft rot. The PL3 degrades plant cell wall pectin into unsaturated oligogalacturonates eliciting plant defence responses. In one line, enzyme expression was controlled by the CaMV 35S promoter (C) and in three lines it was driven by the potato patatin B33 promoter (D). Plant development of the D-lines in field plots was not distinguishable from that of the non-transgenic counterpart. Also tuber yield was not too different. By contrast, plants of the C-line were smaller than those of the nontransformed counterpart and also showed reduced tuber yield. There were no significant differences in dry mass, starch and protein content of tuber tissue between PL transgenic and non-transgenic potatoes. But compared with the latter, field-grown tubers expressing the PL displayed an enhanced resistance toErwinia soft rot. Thus, average rotting caused byEc-bacteria was diminished in tubers of PL-transgenic lines by 34.1%. The resistance of tubers toEc soft rot was significantly correlated with the PPO activity in tuber tissue.     

硒、锌及其交互作用对不同季节茶叶多酚氧化酶活性的影响

通过喷施不同浓度的亚硒酸钠和醋酸锌,研究了硒、锌及硒锌交互作用对不同季节茶叶叶片硒、锌含量以及多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)茶叶硒、锌含量均在春季最高,夏季次之,秋季最低。3季茶叶硒含量都在中高浓度(200~400μg/ml)的硒和低中浓度(0.2%~0.4%)的锌处理下相对较高;而锌含量在中高浓度(0.8%~1.2%)的锌和低中浓度(50~100μg/ml)的硒处理下较高;各季节茶叶硒、锌含量都在中浓度的硒(100~200μg/ml)和锌(0.4%~0.8%)配比下较高。(2)茶叶多酚氧化酶活性在夏季最高,春季次之,秋季最低。3季茶叶该酶活性均在中浓度的硒(100~200μg/ml)和锌(0.4%~0.8%)处理及其配比下相对较高;而高浓度的硒(400μg/ml)和锌(1.2%),以及低浓度(0.2%)的锌处理对春茶和夏茶多酚氧化酶活性的提高效应不甚明显,秋茶多酚氧化酶活性则在低浓度的硒(50μg/ml)和低浓度的锌(0.2%)以及高浓度的硒(400μg/ml)、锌(1.2%)处理下均无明显提高效应,同时低硒与低锌配比、高硒与中高浓度(0.2%~0.8%)的锌配比对春、夏、秋3季茶叶PPO活性的促进效应均不明显。     

微波预处理原料对苹果汁褐变的影响

为了防止苹果汁在贮藏过程中褐变,采用不同的微波功率和时间预处理原料苹果,研究微波预处理对苹果汁褐变的影响。结果表明,微波处理可以提高苹果汁的色值,降低多酚氧化酶的活性,引起氨基态氮含量的下降,并使苹果汁的酸度略微提高。在微波功率为720～900 W,处理时间75～125 s时,果汁色值较高。室温贮存45 d后,微波功率900 W,时间为100 s处理的果块,果汁色值为67.8,比未经微波处理的高91.5%。微波预处理是防止苹果汁褐变的一种简便安全、合理经济的加工方法。     

Assessment of the global paradigms of genetic variability in Strongyloides stercoralis infrapopulations determined by mitochondrial DNA sequences

Microevolutionary data of Strongyloides stercoralis infrapopulations are regarded as a requirement for determining the global genetic structure and transmission paradigms of this neglected tropical nematode among the neighboring countries of the world. English databases were searched from 2010 to 2019, analyzing a total of 10 publications. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences of S. stercoralis isolated from Asian and African continents were subjected to calculate the diversity indices and genetic differentiation. A parsimonious haplotype network indicated a star-like trait a total of 106 (Homo sapiens) and 48 haplotypes (Canid) being grouped into four distinct geographical haplogroups. A significant genetic diversity was identified in human-derived S. stercoralis (Haplotype diversity: 0.78) and those with dog (Hd: 0.86) origins. Cladistic phylogenetic tree indicated the Japanese, Thailandish, and Myanmarese clades have a sister relationship with the Laotian clade. The statistically significant Fst values indicated that human S. stercoralis populations of Japanese-Thailandish, Japanese-Myanmarese, and Japanese-Laotian origins were genetically differentiated (Fst: 0.48430 to 0.54903). We conclude that a high gene migration of human strongyloidiasis is being unequivocally shared between the Laotion-Myanmarese and Laotion-Thailandish population pairs. The current findings enhance our knowledge to assess the transmission dynamics and the evolutionary patterns of S. stercoralis in various geographical regions of the globe; also it will serve as a basis for public health policy to control human strongyloidiasis particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Besides, the infected canids and other environmental reservoirs for zoonotic transmission of S. stercoralis to humans should be de-wormed along with their owners.     

Effect of calcium soil amendments on phenolic compounds and soft rot resistance in potato tubers

Nutrients such as boron, nitrogen and calcium stimulate the production of phenols. This research focuses on the role of calcium in increasing phenol metabolism in potato peels and the ensuing tuber resistance to soft rot pathogens was investigated. Two field experiments were conducted at the University of Zimbabwe campus plots in 2008 and 2009 summer seasons. Sprouted tubers of cv. BP1 were planted in plots treated with different fertilizer combinations. The treatments were: 1) compound S (7N: 21P: 8K) + ammonium nitrate (34 %N) 2) compound D (7N: 14P: 7K) + calcium nitrate (19 Ca: 15.5N) 3) compound S + calcium nitrate and 4) compound D + ammonium nitrate. The harvested progeny tubers were inoculated with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense. Calcium amendment increased the activities of enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidases) involved in the metabolism of phenolics and total soluble phenols. Calcium amendment significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the maceration effect of P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense in tuber tissues. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and calcium, but not ferulic acid content were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in plants grown in calcium treated plots. Calcium positively and significantly correlated with polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine (PAL) and peroxidase (POD), while chlorogenic and caffeic acid showed a positive relationship with POD and PPO. Calcium amendment significantly reduced maceration symptom caused by the bacteria (P < 0.05), resulting in smaller decayed zone diameters on inoculated tubers from calcium-treated plots. This study shows that soil amendments of calcium increase concentration of calcium, caffeic and chlorogenic acid in tuber peels and also reduces maceration effect of pectinolytic pathogens. Reduced maceration could be due to increased levels of caffeic and chlorogenic acid which have antimicrobial properties.     

莲藕节中多酚提取工艺优化

利用作为废弃物的莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)节资源,采用乙醇超声浸提的方法从莲藕节中提取多酚。通过单因素试验确定了乙醇体积分数、料液比、p H、温度和时间对莲藕节中多酚提取率的影响,并进一步通过响应面试验进行分析和实际应用考虑,确定莲藕节中多酚提取的最佳工艺条件为p H 4.0,温度40℃,乙醇体积分数61.04%,料液比1∶20.53(m∶V),提取时间45.20 min,经过该工艺优化后莲藕节多酚提取率提高至6.27%。对通过优化工艺提取的莲藕节多酚进行抗氧化性能测定,结果显示莲藕节多酚有较好的清除DPPH自由基的能力。     

Research on Oxalate Oxidase and Its Genes in Plants

This paper introduces the discovery,composition and structure of oxalate oxidase,as well as illustrates the biological functions of this enzyme.With a comprehensive introduction upon previous researches upon gene cloning and heredity transformation of this enzyme,it indicates that heredity transformation can increase the content of oxalate oxidase within the plants and also enhance their resistance.The paper also points out the problems such as lack of gene resources and difficulty in the transformation of heterologous genes,and the focus in later researches should be laid upon the exploration of plant resources relative to this enzyme and selection of resistant species.