Gene Expression of Enzymes for Starch and Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Leaf Sheaths of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the Heading Period in Relation to the Sink to Source Transition

Abstract

Leaf sheaths of rice plants are known to temporarily accumulate starch prior to heading, which is subsequently remobilized and transported into the panicle after heading. We investigated the time course for both carbohydrate content and steady state mRNA levels of enzymes related to starch and sucrose metabolism in the rice leaf sheath (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Leaf sheaths from the second leaf below the flag leaf accumulated high levels of starch before heading but they rapidly decreased after heading. In contrast, the flag leaf sheath did not accumulate as much starch. In the second leaf sheath, the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in starch synthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2. 7. 7. 27), soluble starch synthase (EC 2. 4. 1.21) and branching enzyme (EC 2. 4. 1. 18) were high before heading, which coincided with rapid accumulation of starch. The mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes, cytosolic FBPase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2. 4. 1. 14), and the sucrose transporter (OsSUTI) increased at the time of heading, which was largely coincident with a decrease in the mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes. In the flag leaf sheaths, changes in mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes were not pronounced, however mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes and the sucrose transporter showed a clear increase throughout the heading period. The different characteristics observed between the two leaf sheaths will be discussed in relation to the sink to source transition.     

Comparison of the response of ion distribution in the tissues and cells of the succulent plants Aloe vera and Salicornia europaea to saline stress

There exists a great variability among plant species regarding their sensitivity and resistance to high salinity in soil, and most often this variability is related with the ability of a particular plant species to regulate ion homeostasis and transport. In this study, we have investigated the effects of NaCl on growth rate, water status, and ion distribution in different cells and tissues of two succulent plants, Aloe vera and Salicornia europaea. Our results showed that the growth of A. vera seedlings was significantly decreased in response to salinity. However, the growth of S. europaea seedlings was greatly stimulated by high concentrations of NaCl. Under saline conditions, S. europaea seedlings maintained K⁺ and Ca²⁺ uptake in roots and showed a higher root‐to‐shoot flux of Na⁺ and Cl^– as compared to A. vera. Despite great accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^– in photosynthetically active shoot cells in S. europaea, its growth was enhanced, indicating S. europaea is capable of compartmentalizing salt ions in the vacuoles of shoot cells. Aloe vera seedlings, however, showed a low transport rate of Na⁺ and Cl^– to leaves and suppressed uptake of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in roots during NaCl treatment. Our results also implicate that A. vera may be able to accumulate Na⁺ and Cl^– in the metabolically inactive aqueous cells in leaves and, as a result, the plant can survive and can maintain growth under saline conditions.     

低聚果糖诱导的奶牛急性蹄叶炎肝和骨骼肌中AMPK和GLUT及相关基因的变化

旨在探究奶牛急性蹄叶炎能量代谢的变化,本研究选用12头健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为两组(n=6): 试验组(OF组)用17 g·kg^-1体重的低聚果糖溶解在2 L·100 kg^-1体重的清水中灌服,对照组(CON组)灌服等量清水,72 h之后对奶牛进行安乐死,采集肝、肌肉组织,进行Western blot试验和实时荧光定量PCR试验,检测肝、肌肉组织的能量变化和葡萄糖转运情况,指标：葡糖糖转运蛋白1和4(GLUT-1、GLUT-4),三磷酸腺苷激酶(AMPK)以及相关因子(PPAR-γ、PGC1-α、PEPCK)。结果表明：在肝组织中,OF组AMPK和蛋白的表达量显著增加,但P-AMPK/AMPK的比值极显著下降,而GLUT-1的蛋白和基因、PPAR-γ、PGC1-α和PEPCK基因的表达量无显著变化;在肌肉组织中,OF组AMPK基因和蛋白表达量无显著的变化,但P-AMPK/AMPK的比值显著下降,GLUT-4基因和蛋白表达量显著下降,同时PPAR-γ、PEPCK基因的表达量极显著升高,但PGC-1-α的基因表达量无显著的变化。综上：奶牛急性蹄叶炎可能会抑制肌肉组织的能量代谢和葡萄糖转运的能力,但对肝的影响不大。     

对云南省输电线路使用林地的探讨

根据《电力设施保护条例》和《森林植被恢复费征收使用管理暂行办法》,正确处理保护生态环境和输变电线路建设的关系,做到森林资源保护与电力线路建设协调发展.文章分析了输变电线路的特殊性以及存在的问题.提出了准确测定输变电线路征占用林地面积的原则、技术要点,并建议分两步实施为好.     

几种作用因子对多年生黑麦草组织培养影响的研究

以多年生黑麦草成熟种子为外植体进行了愈伤组织诱导和分化的研究。结果表明:dicamba替代2,4 D,蔗糖替代麦芽糖可以显著提高愈伤组织诱导率和植株再生率;在一定的浓度范围内(3～9mg·L-12,4 D)2,4 D浓度的升高可明显提高愈伤组织的诱导率,但同时却降低了分化率;在愈伤诱导培养基中同时使用两种生长激素(2,4 D和NAA)的效果要好于单独使用一种生长激素(2,4 D)的效果;水解酪蛋白、脯氨酸和谷氨酰胺浓度的增加并没有促进植株再生率的升高。     

Simultaneous measurements of quantum yield and CO2 uptake for the assessment of non-assimilative electron flow in tree leaves

Using attached and detached leaves ofAcer palmatum Thunb. andRhaphiolepsis umbellata Makino, pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and CO₂ exchange were measured. Quantum yield of photosynthesis was determined from the fluorescence parameter(Fm′−Fs)/Fm′, where (Fm′−Fs) was defined as the difference between steady state chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs) and maximum fluorescence (Fm′) elicited by a saturating light pulse. The rate of electron transport through photosystem II (total electron flow) was calculated from the product of quantum yield andA (PFD), whereA is the rate of absorbed photons as given by leaf absorptance, and PFD is the photon flux density at the leaf surface. The rate of electron transport dependant on CO₂ uptake (assimilative electron flow) was calculated from the gross photosynthetic rate in a leaf. The difference between the rates of total and assimilative electron transport was denoted as the rate of non-assimilative electron transport which depends on photorespiration and oxygen reduction. Available data provided quantitative information on the rate of non-assimilative electron flow in intact leaves. When leaf photosynthesis ofA. palmatum was measured under sunlight, the rates of total and assimilative electron transport were determined to be approximately 900 and 150 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h, respectively. The difference (750 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h) was attributed to the activity of non-assimilative electron flow. The ratio of total to assimilative electron flow was found to increase gradually with rising in irradiance. The results suggest that non-assimilative electron flow occurred at much higher rate than assimilative electron flow at high irradiance. Implications of the results are briefly discussed in relation to photosynthesis limitation in tree leaves.     

动物运输应激源与应激反应影响因子研究进展

动物的运输是畜牧业的重要生产环节,但运输活动带来的动物福利问题也越来越受到关注。开展动物运输应激源和应激反应影响因子的研究,对深入认识动物运输应激本质和提出解决方案乃至相关立法具有重要意义。论文对前人开展的动物运输应激源(拥挤、禁食禁水、气温、装卸、颠簸等)的分离研究和应激反应影响因子(运输距离和运输时间、年龄和经验、性情、恐惧信息素)的研究进行了回顾整理,并分析了争议的原因,为动物运输应激领域研究提供参考或指出新的研究方向。     

变温度-风速模拟条件下微润灌工况自适应调节机理

通过模拟光照、吹风改变蒸发强度,对比分析了4种蒸发条件(CK、光照(L)、吹风(W)、光照+吹风(LW))下微润灌入渗速率以及湿润体变化特征。结果表明,常温下微润灌累积入渗量与时间呈显著线性相关关系(决定系数R²>0.99),符合Philip入渗模型水平吸渗项入渗规律;微润管出流速率因多孔介质管壁穿透入渗、管周土壤水分入渗分别随时间呈现出初期骤增、线性减小的演变规律;改变上边界条件后各处理蒸发均显著增大,然而入渗速率只随温度增加而提高,吹风带走土表热量,入渗速率反而减小;光照期间,L、LW处理入渗速率分别增长56.56%、29.51%;撤去光照2 h后,LW处理蒸发强度不变,入渗速率骤降5.90%,揭示了微润灌对温度响应的敏感性远高于上边界蒸发。湿润锋运移距离与时间呈显著幂函数关系,温度提高后入渗速率增加促进了湿润锋运移,温差和重力势共同驱动下水分向背离热源方向移动,光照处理中湿润锋水平运移距离D_horiz、垂直向下运移距离D_down较预测值分别增长75.81%、99.30%。该研究揭示了源于辐射的地温变化在微润灌...     

嗜水气单胞菌双组分系统FlrBC的功能探究

为明确双组分系统FlrBC在嗜水气单胞菌极生鞭毛合成、生物被膜形成及致病机制中的作用,通过同源重组法,以嗜水气单胞菌ZYAH72为野生菌株构建双组分系统FlrBC缺失株ΔflrB和ΔflrC,比较不同菌株鞭毛合成及游动性、生物被膜形成、胞外多糖分泌、细胞黏附以及抗全血杀伤能力差异。结果显示:与野生株相比,ΔflrB和ΔflrC仍能形成极生鞭毛,细菌游动能力无显著差异;而结晶紫染色发现ΔflrB和ΔflrC相较于野生株的生物被膜形成能力分别下降了27.2%和22.3%;刚果红检测结果显示,与野生株相比,ΔflrB和ΔflrC的胞外多糖分泌分别下降了18.4%和14.2%;实时荧光定量PCR的结果显示,flrB和flrC的缺失不同程度抑制了鞭毛合成、生物被膜相关通路基因的表达;与草鱼肾细胞共孵育后,ΔflrB和ΔflrC的细胞黏附率与野生株相比分别下降了23.2%和18.2%;全血杀伤实验结果显示,ΔflrB和ΔflrC抗全血杀伤能力均显著减弱。以上结果表明,双组分系统FlrBC不是嗜水气单胞菌极生鞭毛形成所必需,但在细菌鞭毛形成组装和生物被膜形成中发挥调控作用,并且影响嗜水气单胞菌致病性...