流式细胞光度术用于草莓倍性鉴定的研究

利用流式细胞光度术对草莓３个二倍体、１个五倍体、２个八倍体试管苗的细胞核ＤＮＡ的相对含量进行测定。结果表明,随着倍性水平的增加,细胞核ＤＮＡ相对含量随之成倍增加,说明可利用流式细胞光度术测定细胞核ＤＮＡ含量来进行倍性鉴定;利用这一技术对草莓几个杂交后代及诱变植株的倍性水平进行了鉴定,发现一诱变植株存在两群核ＤＮＡ相对含量相差近一倍的细胞,初步认为这一诱变植株为倍性嵌合体,该结果进一步证明这种方法的可靠性。     

芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂种二代分离观察

从芥菜型油菜×甘蓝型油菜种间杂种Ｆ１自由授粉获得的Ｆ２的叶型、现蕾期、始花期、雄蕊发育、花粉活性和种子育性的分离观察结果表明,芥甘杂种Ｆ２超亲分离,产生大量变异类型,可根据花粉可染率和角果长度对Ｆ２植株种子育性进行间接选择。     

虹鳟杂交胚胎(2n♀×3n♂)的发育状况及其DNA倍性分析

雄性三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhyncus mykiss)可以发育至生理成熟并表现出较强的雄性副性征,性腺发育基本正常;雌性三倍体虹鳟性腺几乎不发育,并且存在着类雄性化的发育趋势.本研究拟通过对虹鳟杂交胚胎(2n♀×3n♂)发育状况及其DNA倍性的分析,进而确认三倍体虹鳟是否具有与二倍体虹鳟类似的生育能力并分析其原因.选取经两个世代家系选育的虹鳟优良品系二倍体雌性虹鳟作为母本,以热休克方法人工诱导的优质雄性三倍体虹鳟为父本,常规人工采集精卵授精,获得三倍体雄性与二倍体雌性杂交胚胎,观察杂交胚胎的发育进程,通过流式细胞仪检测杂交胚胎的DNA含量,进而与二倍体雌雄交配获得的胚胎对照确定杂交胚胎的倍性.结果表明,杂交胚胎的受精率、发眼率和孵化率均显著地低于对照组,杂交胚胎多数在发眼期之前死亡,破膜的胚胎在仔鱼期上浮前全部死亡.杂交胚胎的DNA含量分布范围较大,大致可以分为两个水平,接近84％的胚胎的DNA含量介于二倍体与三倍体之间,约为对照组DNA含量的2.5倍;约有16％的胚胎的DNA含量在三倍体和四倍体之间.本研究认为,染色体非整倍体化可能会引起杂交胚胎细胞核质不相容,进而导致基因表达调控紊乱,从而使杂交胚胎不能正常发育,无法完成由母体卵黄供给的内源营养向外源营养的转换,成为导致杂交胚胎发育过程中大量死亡,以及杂交仔鱼在破膜之后开始进食之前全部死亡的一个重要原因.     

Reproductive ability of triploid ornamental (koi) carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) × goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) hybrids and characteristics of their offspring

The purpose of this study was to investigate reproductive ability of backcross triploid koi (Cyprinus carpio L.) × goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) hybrids. These triploids have been obtained by crossing of F₁ hybrid females producing diploid eggs with males of parental species. Triploid hybrid females, when crossed with goldfish or koi males, produced mostly aneuploid fish with ploidy range from approximately 2.2n–3.2n with a mean value 2.5n; some fish in crosses of triploid females with koi males were tetraploid (4.0n). Since analysed fish had in their genomes one haploid set from parental males, the data indicate that triploid hybrid females mostly produced aneuploid eggs with ploidy range from approximately 1.2n–2.2n and a mean ploidy around 1.5n while some eggs were triploid. Triploid hybrid males were completely sterile and have not released any sperm after hormonal injection. Despite their low viability, some aneuploid fish obtained from triploid hybrid females were raised in indoor recirculating systems until the age of 2 years and their reproductive ability has been evaluated. One aneuploid female with ploidy 2.1n produced larvae with ploidy range from 2.9n to 3.4n with a mean ploidy of 3.1n when crossed with a koi male; about 60% of obtained larvae had ploidy from 3.0n to 3.2n. These data indicate that this female produced mostly eggs with unreduced ploidy level.     

THE STUDY OF DELAMINATION IN THE STRUCTURAL STEELS

The influence of temperature and stress state on delamination in the pipe-line steel has been studied by tensile tests at different temperature and stress states. It is found that the' delamination always takes place along the centerline segregation band in pipe-line steel produced by continuous casting and then controlled rolling. At room temperature, the delamination appears to be caused by micrbvoid nucleation and coalecence. And the delamination appears to be caused by the cleavage cracking along (100) plane at low temperatur.e. The best way to eliminate the delamination is to reduce the degree of centerline segregation.     

QTL Mapping of Important Agronomic Traits on Chromosomes Showing Marker Segregation Distortion in Interspecific Backcross Cotton Populations

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to map QTLs for yield, maturity, and fiber quality traits of cotton interspecific hybrid populations and to mine favorable alleles from the cotton genome for QTL fine mapping, gene cloning, and molecular marker-assisted selection. [Method] Four BC₁F₁ populations, E(E3), E(3E), (E3)E, and (3E)E, were developed by crossing sea island cotton 3-79 ("3") and upland cotton 'Emian 22' ("E"), and with "Emian 22" as the recurrent parent. BC1F2 populations derived from BC1F1 populations were phenotyped to allow mapping of QTLs for yield-, maturity-, and fiber quality-related traits on chromosomes showing segregation distortion. [Result] A normal distribution test indicated that six fiber quality-related traits, except for the micronaire value in E (E3) and the short fiber ratio in all populations, followed a normal distribution pattern; in contrast, earliness-related traits were not normally distributed in all populations, which suggests that genotype-environment interactions have strong effects on maturity-related traits. Using composite interval mapping, 47 QTLs were detected on three chromosomes (2, 16, and 18): 15 in (E3)E, 13 in (3E)E, 12 in E(E3), and 7 in E(3E), with the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 8.8%–30.9%. A total of 27 fiber-related QTLs were discovered, with the PVE ranging from 9.0%–30.9%. Five yield-related QTLs (PVE = 8.8%–17.4%) and 13 maturity-related QTLs (PVE = 9.4%–19.4%) were also identified. [Conclusion] Comparison analysis showed that most QTLs in our study were consistent with the MetaQTL, including QTLs for boll weight, fiber length, fiber length uniformity, lint percentage, and micronaire value on chromosome 2; QTLs for fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber length uniformity on chromosome 16; and QTLs for boll weight, date of boll opening, fiber length, fiber strength, fiber length uniformity, and micronaire value on chromosome 18. Several detected QTLs in our study were not found in the MetaQTL, such as QTLs for date of boll opening and lint percentage on chromosome 16 and a QTL for the date from seedling to flowering stages on chromosome 18. These newly identified QTLs may provide novel insights for cotton QTL analysis.     

Reproductive ability of second generation ornamental (koi) carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) × goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) hybrids and characteristics of their offspring

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reproductive ability of second generation (F₂) koi (Cyprinus carpio L.) × goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) hybrids. Only diploid F₂ males and females were fertile and used in crosses. A significant increase was recorded in male fertility in F₂ versus F₁. In contrast with an earlier study in which only one fertile F₁ male was found, about 20% of F₂ males produced sperm. The observed reproductive ability of F₂ hybrids was similar to that demonstrated by the only fertile F₁ male and F₁ females. F₂ males produced diploid spermatozoa and generated triploids when crossed with koi females. All triploid fish in these progenies were males indicating that F₂ males had a sex chromosome constitution of XY. F₂ females produced diploid eggs and generated mostly triploids when crossed with koi males. In progenies obtained by crosses of F₂ males with F₁ and F₂ females, most of the surviving juveniles (63%–100%) were diploid; a minority of juveniles were aneuploid (ploidy ranged from 2.1n to 3.6n). Diploid fish in these progenies were presumably the result of spontaneous androgenesis and gynogenesis, by the same mechanisms observed earlier in progenies obtained by crossing the F₁ male with F₁ females.     

水分胁迫对不同倍性小麦穗部干物质积累和分配及转运的影响

为了进一步挖掘小麦穗部的干物质生产潜力,以野生一粒小麦（Triticum boeoticum,二倍体）、野生二粒小麦（T.dicoccoides,四倍体）、碧蚂1号（T.aestivum Bima 1,六倍体）3种不同染色体倍性小麦为材料,在干旱和灌水两种水分处理下,比较不同倍性小麦品种穗部干物质分配规律、转运特性及对产量的贡献率。结果表明,在两种水分条件下,不同倍体小麦穗部各器官干物质分配规律存在差异,与六倍体和二倍体小麦相比,四倍体小麦的穗轴、颖壳干物质分配率最低,其花前干物质转运量、转运效率及对籽粒的贡献率最高。六倍体的花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率均大于其他两种小麦。水分胁迫由于降低了营养器官开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的再分配及花后干物质的积累与转运,从而降低了产量。水分胁迫下,四倍体小麦的产量下降幅度最小,可能与四倍体小麦穗部干物质分配率低、转运效率高有关,其穗部器官干物质能更多地向籽粒转运分配,滞留物最少,使得千粒重增加。因此,水分胁迫下,四倍体小麦表现出更强的耐旱性。     

药用石斛育种方法研究进展

石斛是传统的名贵中药材,具有益胃生津、滋阴清热、润肺止咳、明目强身、增强免疫力、抗肿瘤、抗衰老等功效,被广泛应用于药品、保健食品、食品、化妆品领域。鉴于石斛具有较高的药用价值和经济价值,近年来药用石斛育种、组培与栽培技术研究得到快速发展。从种质资源多样性调查、收集保存与评价、品种杂交育种研究及诱变育种技术、倍性育种技术和基因工程育种技术在药用石斛新种质选育的应用等多个方面,介绍了国内近10多年来药用石斛资源收集保存与评价现状,杂交育种成果及利用现代生物技术育种情况等育种进展,提出了今后应加强药用石斛药材控制性质量标准研发,资源收集保存、种质资源圃的建设,充分利用传统育种和现代生物技术优势开展药用石斛育种研究等建议,并对今后工作进行了展望。     

基于玉米单倍体性状表现的轮回选择试验研究

单倍体水平的选择可以提高轮回选择程序的效率。经过4个周期的单倍体轮回选择之后,一个综合群体SPC4的产量达到了当前商业杂交种的产量水平。SPC4群体与27个来自于爱荷华州立大学的综合群体相比较具有更好的群体表现。两个单交种在单倍体水平上表现出株高和穗长的超亲分离,表明利用单倍体植株来鉴定、创造和改良优良的育种材料是非常有效的方法。