华农本地早×宜昌橙杂交后代几个性状的遗传分离研究

对华农本地早×宜昌橙的Ｆ１、Ｆ２代杂种，在５个性状上的分离、重组进行了观察分析。结果表明，多胚性受显性基因控制，华农本地早与宜昌橙分别处于显性杂合和隐性纯合状态；种子子叶颜色受一个主基因控制，白色子叶时绿色子叶为显性；嫩梢颜色的遗传基础较为复杂，绿色嫩梢对紫色嫩梢有显性作用；翼叶大小与树体抗寒能力为受多基因控制的数量性状。     

Vertical distributions of two herbivorous cichlid fishes of the genus Tropheus in Lake Tanganyika, Africa

The vertical distributions of two herbivorous cichlid fishes, Tropheus moorii and Tropheus duboisi, were studied on the rocky slope at Luhanga and Bemba, 12 km apart, in Lake Tanganyika, Zaire, Africa. At Luhanga, where T duboisi were not present, T. moorii ranged from the shoreline to a site 30 m deep. At Bemba, T moorii occupied areas less than 18 m and T duboisi areas between 5 and 30 m. In the overlapping zone, 5–18 m depth, each fish held an intra- and interspecific feeding territory, involving size-dependent dominance relationship between neighbors irrespective of species. We indicate that the vertical distributions of these species are restricted by competitive interactions.     

利用RFP标记进行水稻籼粳杂种偏分离的遗传分析

为了研究水稻籼粳杂种偏分离的遗传基础,用转化红色荧光蛋白(RFP)的7个粳稻株系与籼稻杂交,以整合在不同基因组位点的RFP为可视遗传标记,对F1花粉及F2植株进行遗传分析。根据‘7F5’转基因系的研究结果,在粳稻‘日本晴’和籼稻‘9311’杂交的遗传背景中,水稻基因组chr02:33465170位置附近存在一个花粉偏分离位点。‘9A2’转基因系组配的籼粳杂种产生1∶1(RFP+∶RFP-)比例的花粉,并且其F2植株群体发生偏分离,说明相应RFP位点(chr04:29587748)附近有一个控制F2植株偏分离的连锁位点,该位点的遗传机制与F1的花粉比例无关。RFP标记提高了籼粳杂种花粉及后代植株的研究效率,为探索偏分离遗传机理提供了新的研究手段。     

Identifying the ploidy of ginkgo pollen using laser scanning confocai and scanning electron microscope.

以经秋水仙碱诱导获得的银杏大花粉为材料,以未经处理的正常银杏花粉为对照,利用扫描电子显微镜和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜分别观察2种花粉表面形态,并分析对比其细胞内的DNA相对荧光量与银杏大花粉核内染色体倍性关系,为正确检出银杏二倍体花粉奠定重要工作基础。研究结果表明,此方法用于花粉粒的倍性鉴定科学准确,所需试验样本少,实用性强,在植物花粉倍性鉴定中有着较好的应用前景。     

苦荞杂交F2 代的植物学性状表型研究

以栽培苦荞和苦荞近缘野生种为亲本进行杂交,获得杂交后代并在F2代观察其性状分离比例.结果表明:栽培苦荞与苦荞近缘野生种杂交的F2代在花色、花序(小花疏密度)、茎色、分枝、叶形、叶色、瘦果表面有无刺、株型和落粒性等方面表现出性状分离现象,其中瘦果表面有无刺和种子落粒性性状的分离比例为9∶7,株型松散性状和分枝长短性状的分离比例为3∶1,通过X2测验,分别符合9∶7和3∶1的比例.其他各性状的分离比例尚不能确定.     

流式细胞仪快速检测鸭茅与多花黑麦草染色体倍性的研究

以鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）和多花黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）不同倍性的种质为材料,对流式细胞仪测定牧草多倍体的技术方法和结果进行评价,旨在利用流式细胞仪技术快速确定供试牧草的染色体倍性。采用根尖染色体计数法确定鸭茅‘北绿’品种和多花黑麦草‘Mammoth B’品种为四倍体,以这两个品种的相对核DNA含量和核内DNA复制的平均周期值作为参照,经流式细胞仪检测表明,鸭茅‘早生绿’品种和PI316209种质材料为四倍体,种质PI237602和PI368880为二倍体,PI316209种质的倍性与种质背景信息所提供的倍性存在差异;多花黑麦草‘Musashi’品种为四倍体,‘Tachimasari’和‘Wasehope Ⅲ’两个品种为二倍体。研究结果为流式细胞仪如何在同一物种范围内检测不同倍性样品提供了依据。     

Plant regeneration via protoplast electrofusion in cassava

Protoplast electrofusion between callus protoplasts of cultivar TMS60444 and mesophyll protoplasts of cultivar SC8 was performed as an approach for the genetic improvement of cassava. The fusion products were subsequently cultured in protoplast culture medium(TM2 G) with gradual dilution for approximately 1–2 months. Then the protoplast-derived compact calli were transferred to suspension culture medium(SH) for suspension culture. The cultured products developed successively into embryos, mature embryos, and shoots on somatic embryo emerging medium(MSN), embryo maturation medium(CMM), and shoot elongation medium(CEM), respectively. And the shoots were then rooted on Murashige and Skoog(1962) medium(MS). Sixty-six cell lines were obtained and 12 of them developed into plantlets. Based on assessment of ploidy level and chromosome counting, four of these plantlets were tetraploid and the remaining eight were diploid. Based on assessment of ploidy level and simple sequence repeat(SSR) analysis, nine tetraploid cell lines, one diploid variant plant line and nine variant cell lines were obtained. The diploid variant plant line and the nine variant cell lines all showed partial loss of genetic material compared to that of the parent TMS60444, based on SSR patterns. These results showed that some new germplasm of cassava were created. In this study, a protocol for protoplast electrofusion was developed and validated. Another important conclusion from this work is the confirmation of a viable protocol for the regeneration of plants from cassava protoplasts. Going forward, we hope to provide technical guidance for cassava tissue culture, and also provide some useful inspiration and reference for further genetic improvement of cassava.     

番茄绿果与红果颜色性状遗传的研究

以绿果番茄‘绿樱’和红果番茄‘TTD1003A’为亲本材料,构建4个世代P_1、P_2、F_1和F_2遗传群体,采用标准比色卡,对成熟果实的果色、果皮色、果肉色和胎座胶状物质颜色进行观察分析。结果表明:在F_2代分离群体中,果色分离比例为,红︰棕︰黄︰绿=9︰3︰3︰1;果皮色为,黄色︰透明=3︰1;果肉色为,红︰浅黄︰浅绿=12︰3︰1,即果色、果皮色和果肉色的遗传符合孟德尔遗传规律,且分别由两对、一对和两对核基因控制;果实绿色相对果实红色为隐性,果皮透明相对果皮黄色为隐性,果肉浅绿色相对果肉红色为隐性,果皮与果肉颜色独立遗传。同时,运用色差仪测定果实表面颜色的L值、a值和b值,计算色光值后,运用植物数量性状主基因+多基因遗传分析法分析得出:番茄果实绿色对红色的遗传可能符合两对加性—显性—上位性主基因+加性—显性多基因遗传(MX2-ADI-AD),其中两对主基因均以加性效应为主,第一对主基因的加性作用更为明显。在F_2代中,色差仪测定指标的主基因遗传率为76%~89%,而多基因遗传率接近0,即该组合控制果色性状的主基因遗传力很高,多基因遗传力很低,对番茄果色的选择应在分离早期世代进行。     

Chromosomal regions controlling anther culturability in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Diallel analysis has revealed that anther culturability in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a quantitative trait controlled by the nuclear genome. Mapping of anther culturability is important to increase the efficiency for green plant regeneration from microspores. In the previous study, we detected distorted segregation of RFLP markers in rice populations derived from the anther culture of an F₁ hybrid between a japonica cultivar ‘Nipponbare’ and an indica cultivar ‘Milyang 23’. To clarify the association between chromosomal regions showing distorted segregation and anther culturability, the anther culturability of doubled haploid lines derived from the same cross combination was examined, and the association between alleles of the RFLP markers, which exhibiting the most distorted segregation on chromosomes 1, 3, 7, 10 and 11, and the anther culturability was evaluated. One region on chromosome 1 was found to control callus formation from microspores, and one region on chromosome 10 appeared to control the ratio of green to albino regenerated plants. In both regions, the Nipponbare allele had positive effects. Three regions on chromosomes 3, 7 and 11, however, showed no significant effect on anther culturability. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.