磁力轮式塑料大棚清洗装置的设计与试验

针对塑料大棚清洗困难的问题,设计了一种磁力轮式塑料大棚清洗装置。该装置主要由磁力轮式行走机构和毛刷清洗机构组成,其核心部件分别为磁力轮、行走电机、毛刷和清洗电机。工作时,由行走电机驱动磁力轮靠磁力吸附在大棚钢制骨架上行走,并由清洗电机驱动毛刷进行清洗工作。该装置适用于骨架间距1 m的拱形钢架塑料大棚,对大棚跨度和脊高无特殊要求。试验结果与分析表明,在纯自来水和洗涤液条件下,大棚透光率分别从清洗前最低的50.9%和49.0%提高至清洗后最高的88.4%和88.9%,最佳清洗流量分别为1.0和1.2 L/min;磁力轮行走机构最小驱动力69 N,满足行走要求;清洗装置平均工作效率6.6 m2/min;大棚倾角变化时,透光率整体平均提高46.7%,使用效果良好。该研究解决了塑料大棚清洗难题,延长了大棚使用寿命,增加了大棚维护安全性。     

陶瓷管负压控温栽培系统在番茄日光温室冬季生产中的应用效果

设施蔬菜冬季生产中,土壤温度低是蔬菜生长的一个限制因子。该文在番茄冬季生产中应用微多孔陶瓷管负压加温栽培系统,试验表明通过循环温水利用同一根陶瓷管边灌水边加温是完全可行的;加温处理白天、夜间平均温度分别比不加温处理的高出2.7℃,1.2℃。加温处理的植株长势、果实中可溶性糖、滴定酸度的含量和糖酸比、产量、特别是前期产量显著高于不加温处理。在温室冬季生产中仅仅对土壤进行加温就可显著促进植株生长,提高果实的产量和品质。     

日光温室西红柿病虫害防治对策

简析了日光温室生态系统西红柿生育特点和病虫害发生特点,并提出“改善环境、健身栽培、综合预防、合理用药”防治策略。     

Influence of Azolla (Azolla microphylla Kaulf.) compost on biogenic gas production,inorganic nitrogen and growth of upland kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) in a silt loam soil

Azolla microphylla Kaulf. (Azolla) biomass was composted to create a high nitrogen (N) organic matter amendment (Azolla compost). We examined the effect of this Azolla compost on carbon (C) and N mineralization and the production of biogenic gases, nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), in a soil incubation experiment. A pot experiment with upland kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) examined plant growth in silt loam soil treated with three levels of Azolla compost. The results showed that N₂O production from soil increased with urea amendment, but not with Azolla compost treatments. The Azolla-amended soil showed enhanced CO₂ production throughout the 4-week incubation. The Azolla-treated soils showed a 98% lower global warming potential compared to urea treatment over the 4-week incubation. However, Azolla-amended soil had higher nitrate (NO₃^–) levels compared to urea-fertilized soil at 1 week of incubation, and these were maintained until the fourth week. Soils amended with Azolla compost showed lower ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) levels than those in the urea-fertilized soils. The height and dry weight of upland kangkong fertilized with Azolla compost were similar to plants receiving urea fertilization. Therefore, the use of Azolla compost as a substitute for urea fertilizer would be beneficial for reducing the production of N₂O while maintaining plant growth.     

Influence of surface printing materials on the degradability of biodegradable plastic films in soil

Effect of surface printing on the biodegradability of plastic films was studied. Biodegradable films (polybutylene-succinate (PBS)) printed with four kinds of gravure inks were placed in soil for 1 year. The inks consisted of carbon black-pigment with four kinds of resins: poly-(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), nitrocellulose-polyamide blended resin (NT), polyvinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (V), and nitrocellulose (NC). Degradation of film specimens printed on one side and both sides as well as the control film without printing was monitored every 3 months by collecting sample specimens for the measurement of weight loss. No appreciable degradation was observed until 6 months after placement in soil for the control specimens and until 9 months for the printed specimens. And the degradation of the PCL- and NC-printed specimens with one-side printing and V-printed specimens with both-side printing was significantly slower than that of the control specimens without printing after 9-month placement at p < 0.05. Only after 12 months of placement, was the degradation significantly faster for the specimens printed on one side than for those printed on both sides except of the specimens printed with NC. There was no difference in biodegradability among PCL, NT, NC, and V resins. Specimens printed on both sides did not show any appreciable weight loss after 1 year in soil (percentage of maintenance of weight exceeding 98%). Microscopic observation indicated that the degradation mainly proceeded from the non-printed side to the printed side cross-sectionally.     

Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from soils: Scientific basis and modeling approach

Abstract

Global climate change is one of the most important issues of contemporary environmental safety. A scientific consensus is forming that the emissions of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, from anthropogenic activities may play a key role in elevating the global temperatures. Quantifying soil greenhouse gas emissions is an essential task for understanding the atmospheric impacts of anthropogenic activities in terrestrial ecosystems. In most soils, production or consumption of the three major greenhouse gases is regulated by interactions among soil redox potential, carbon source and electron acceptors. Two classical formulas, the Nernst equation and the Michaelis–Menten equation, describe the microorganism-mediated redox reactions from aspects of thermodynamics and reaction kinetics, respectively. The two equations are functions of a series of environmental factors (e.g. temperature, moisture, pH, Eh) that are regulated by a few ecological drivers, such as climate, soil properties, vegetation and anthropogenic activity. Given the complexity of greenhouse gas production in soils, process-based models are required to interpret, integrate and predict the intricate relationships among the gas emissions, the environmental factors and the ecological drivers. This paper reviews the scientific basis underlying the modeling of greenhouse gas emissions from terrestrial soils. A case study is reported to demonstrate how a biogeochemical model can be used to predict the impacts of alternative management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies.     

寒区温室型犊牛舍的设计与应用效果

为了给寒区犊牛提供适宜的生存环境,该文设计并建造了一种温室型犊牛舍。以传统犊牛舍为对照,对其温热环境和空气质量进行了测定和评价。结果表明：在舍外平均气温为-17.3℃、相对湿度为68%的条件下,犊牛岛休息区、温室型犊牛舍和传统犊牛舍内的平均气温分别为0.9、-0.7和-4.5℃,平均相对湿度分别为65%、59%和95%,平均内表面温度分别为5.7、0.8和-5.9℃;温室型犊牛舍和传统犊牛舍的CO2质量浓度分别为2 441和3 096 mg/m3,NH3质量浓度分别为0和3.9 mg/m3,1～60 d犊牛的发病率分别为33.33%和71.43%,1～60 d犊牛的死亡率分别为0和28.57%。温室型犊牛舍外围护结构保温隔热性能的提高、通风换气系统的完善、犊牛岛休息区的设置,缓解了寒区犊牛舍冬季保温与通风换气的矛盾,为犊牛创造了更加舒适的生存环境,该研究为高产奶牛的培育奠定了基础。     

水稻根系生物特性与稻田温室气体排放相关性研究

通过湖南双季稻区温室气体排放差异的水稻品种田间试验,研究了不同品种温室气体排放与根系特征的相关性。结果表明,早稻分蘖盛期CH4排放通量与根干重、伤流量均呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;晚稻CH4排放通量与根伤流量呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）;早稻N2O排放通量在分蘖盛期与根伤流量相关性极显著（P〈0.01）,在齐穗期与根体积、干重、根伤流量均呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）;晚稻分蘖盛期,根系干重与体积均与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）;齐穗期,根系体积与N2O排放通量呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;早稻分蘖盛期CO2排放通量与根系干重和根伤流量呈显著正相关关系（P〈0.05）,晚稻齐穗期根系伤流量与CO2排放通量负相关性达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）。因此,根系特性是影响水稻温室气体排放的重要因素。     

Greenhouse gas mitigation potential of agricultural land in Great Britain

The aim of this paper is to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of croplands and grasslands in Great Britain under different management practices. We consider the feasible land management options for grass and cropland using county level land‐use data with estimates of per‐area mitigation potential for individual and total GHGs, to identify the land management options with the greatest cost‐effective mitigation potential. We show that for grasslands, uncertainties still remain on the mitigation potential because of their climatic sensitivity and also their less intensive management. For croplands in Great Britain, the technical mean GHG mitigation potentials for all cropland management practices range from 17 Mt CO₂‐eq. per 20 yr to 39 Mt CO₂‐eq. per 20 yr. There are significant regional variation in all cases, with the greatest potentials in England, negligible potential in Wales and intermediate potential in Scotland, with country differences largely driven by the areas of cropland and grassland in each country. Practices such as agronomic improvement and nutrient management are the most promising options because of their impact on N₂O emissions and also their larger potential at low cost. In terms of annual emissions from agriculture, calculated mitigation potentials are small, where the technical mitigation potential of agronomy and nutrient management strategies are ca. 4.5 and 3.8%, respectively (agricultural emissions account for ca. 9% or 47.7 Mt CO₂‐eq., of total Great Britain GHG emissions, Department of Energy and Climate Change, UK). However when compared with the land use, land‐use change and forestry sector (LULUCF) emissions, nutrient management would reduce further emission reductions by approximately half of the 2005 LULUCF sink (i.e. ?1.6 Mt CO₂‐eq. per year).     

相变蓄热砌块墙体在日光温室中的应用效果

日光温室墙体的保温蓄热性能直接影响温室内气温和作物的生长。该文选用石蜡与硬脂酸正丁酯按质量比为5∶5制成复合相变材料,以稻壳为载体采用自然吸附法进行吸附得到相变骨料。相变骨料与建筑材料混合制成相变蓄热砌块,并以其为墙体建造相变蓄热温室。采用差示扫描量热法测试复合相变材料和稻壳骨料DSC（热流-温度）曲线,相变温区为15～45℃;复合相变材料的熔解潜热为116.2 kJ/kg,凝固潜热为118.5 kJ/kg,相变稻壳的凝固潜热值为70.63 kJ/kg,熔解潜热值为58.14 kJ/kg。用多点温度计测量相变温室和普通温室室内外气温和墙体内外表面温度,相变温室室内气温波动幅度比对照温室小4.1℃,最低气温比对照高1.7℃,而最高气温则比对照低2.4℃。通过在温室内栽培金鹏一号番茄试验,表明相变温室中番茄的生长状况明显优于普通温室。因此,该文采用的相变蓄热砌块墙体建成的日光温室比普通温室具有更好的蓄热保温性能,更有利于冬季作物生长。