甘蓝型油菜黄籽高含油量育种资源遗传多样性分析

以2份白菜型油菜为对照,用SRAP标记研究了57份甘蓝型油菜黄籽高油育种资源的遗传关系。在遗传相似系数0.682处,可将59份材料分为3类:两份白菜型油菜聚为一类;甘蓝型油菜除选系Y58单独聚为一类外,其他所有选系归为另一类,显示黄籽高油育种资源遗传基础较窄。在遗传相似性系数0.738处,又可将57份甘蓝型油菜分为6个亚类,其中53份材料归为两个大的亚类,系谱或亲缘关系较近的材料一般聚在同一亚类,且按系谱关系比地理来源划分明显,提示地理来源配制强优势黄籽高油杂交组合可靠性可能不如按系谱来源。     

Selection on multiple QTL with control of gene diversity and inbreeding for long-term benefit

The purpose of this study was to develop and investigate selection strategies that aim at maximizing long-term genetic response while conserving gene diversity and controlling inbreeding in populations of limited effective size, assuming complete knowledge of all genes affecting a quantitative trait. Three selection strategies were proposed to select on 100 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and compared with truncation selection on breeding value. Alternative selection strategies aimed at maximizing the average breeding value of parents with a penalty on (1) the number of unfavourable QTL genotypes among parents (OS-I), (2) the negative of the logarithm of the frequency of the favourable allele at each QTL among parents (OS-II), and (3) the average pedigree relationship among parents (OS-III). When all QTL and their effects were known, the strategies examined were able to obtain extra long-term responses, conserve QTL diversity and reduce inbreeding, compared with truncation selection. Strategy OS-II was the most effective in conserving QTL diversity and OS-III in reducing inbreeding. By changing the magnitude of the penalties applied, the impact on long-term response, inbreeding and diversity can be controlled. Extra long-term responses over truncation selection of OS-I and OS-II were even greater when effects of QTL were estimated rather than assumed known, indicating the applicability of results to practical strategies for marker-assisted selection. Extra responses are expected to be reduced for larger population sizes.     

放牧对青海湖北岸高寒草原植物群落特征的影响

基于青海湖北岸高寒草原连续3年放牧控制试验,研究了暖季和冷季放牧草地植物群落特征的变化。结果表明,暖季和冷季放牧草地群落地上生物量均随放牧强度的增加呈现下降趋势,禾本科地上生物量的变化趋势基本与群落地上生物量的一致;中度放牧对暖季放牧草地植被的影响程度高于冷季放牧草地;围栏封育区和冷季重度放牧草地的优势种均为紫花针茅(Stipapurpurea)和矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis),暖季放牧各放牧小区和冷季放牧草地轻度和中度放牧处理优势种均为紫花针茅和披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolata);随放牧强度的增加,暖季放牧草地群落物种多样性指数和均匀度指数表现出先降低后增加的趋势,冷季放牧草地群落物种多样性指数和均匀度指数表现出增加的趋势,但是多样性指数在暖、冷季放牧草地均以重度放牧区最高。     

拉萨河谷山地灌丛草地植物多样性监测方法的比较研究

生物多样性是西藏生态安全监测与评估的重要内容之一.在气候变暖和放牧干扰背景下沿海拔梯度探讨西藏拉萨河谷山地灌丛草地植物群落物种多样性的变化特征,对于该地区草地的保护与可持续利用具有重要意义.以拉萨市林周县白朗村沟域的山地灌丛草地为研究对象,采用常规样方法,重复样线法和Modified-Whittaker样地法3种方法进行系统调查,研究草地群落物种组成及其沿海拔梯度的变化特征.结果表明,1) 3种不同取样方法α多样性的物种丰富度均随海拔的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中50 m样线法效果最好.2) 表征β多样性的Sorensen相似性指数和Bray-Curtis指数均随样地间海拔高差的增大而减小.3) 种-面积关系的截距c,斜率z随海拔的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势,与α,β多样性随海拔梯度的变化特征吻合一致.4) 依据种-面积关系研究结果,山地灌丛草地设置100 m²的样地可覆盖80%左右的植物物种.山地灌丛草地的α和β多样性指数沿海拔梯度均呈先增后减的变化特征,未来研究应注重植物多样性分布格局对山体气候梯度以及放牧干扰变化的响应和适应机制.     

不同地区及不同季节的柞蚕寄生蝇RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对不同地区及不同季节发生危害的柞蚕寄生蝇进行了遗传多态性研究。选取11个随机引物对14份供试材料的基因组DNA进行扩增,共扩增出140条稳定条带,其中128(91.43%)条为多态性条带,表明柞蚕饰腹寄蝇(Blepharipa tibialis)、秋柞蚕寄生蝇(未命名)及栗蚕寄生蝇(未命名)间具有丰富的多态性。各材料间的遗传距离在0.0214~0.5143之间,利用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,14份供试材料可聚为两大类:栗蚕(Dic-tyoplocajaponica)寄生蝇与寄生柞蚕的寄生蝇各聚为一类,其中来自河南省的柞蚕饰腹寄蝇自成一类,来自东北地区的柞蚕饰腹寄蝇与秋柞蚕寄生蝇又各自聚为一类。     

土大黄的分布与云南省滇西北高山草地植物物种多样性的关系

2009年9月,用点样法调查了云南省滇西北贡山县迪麻村色娃龙巴高山牧场的4种不同土大黄(Rumexnepalensis)覆盖率群落的空间垂直分布,并采用Shannon’s多样性指数(H)和平均数(EH)对物种和群落多样性进行了分析。结果表明,调查的草地群落里共有25种牧草资源;土大黄覆盖率与毛囊苔草(Carexinanis)和银叶委陵菜(Potentillaleuconota)覆盖率呈负相关,与拉拉藤(Galiumaparine var.echino-spermu)和中华水芹(Oenanthe sinense)覆盖率呈正相关(P0.05);中等和中上等的土大黄覆盖率群落里具有最高的物种丰富度(19、17)、物种多样性指数(2.40、2.32)和物种均衡性(0.82、0.82),其次是高等的土大黄覆盖率群落,低等的土大黄覆盖率群落里则具有最低的物种丰富度(15)和物种多样性指数(1.98)。然而,低等的土大黄覆盖率群落里具有最高的总物种密度(15.65)。这些结果表明,土大黄对高山草地植物物种多样性的影响并不明显,造成物种多样性变化的主要原因是家畜的放牧强度和频率。     

Foraging behavior of heifers with or without social models in an unfamiliar site containing high plant diversity

Grazing behavior, diet selection and weight gain of heifers (with or without social models) were assessed in an unfamiliar site containing high plant diversity. The study was performed within a tropical forest ecosystem containing a mixture of grass forb/herb, shrub and tree species. Ten inexperienced crossbred Bos taurus × Bos indicus heifers (7 ± 1 months old) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: naive or naive + social model (sm) and two experienced heifers (16 months old) were assigned to the second group. Naive heifers were bottle-nursed from days 2 to 90 after birth and began grazing at 1 month of age in tropical grass monocultures, while experienced animals had been foraging in sites containing a high diversity of plant species for 3 months prior to the study. Each group grazed in separate paddocks for a 12-week period during the rainy season, and animals were observed using focal sampling from 7:00 to 19:30 h to assess diet composition based on bite counts. Weight gain was assessed every 14 days. Paddocks contained from 1481 to 1789 kg/ha of herbaceous dry matter, enough to support the heifers throughout the study without affecting diet selection. Shrub and tree cover ranged from 55.2 to 58.4% across treatments. Bites per minute were adjusted to a log-scaled quadratic-plateau model and the curves showed no differences between treatments (P = 0.756). However, diet composition differed between groups (P < 0.001), with naive + sm heifers ingesting a greater proportion of trees (P < 0.001) and shrubs (P = 0.02), while naive heifers ingested more forb/herbs (P = 0.02); no difference in grass consumption was observed (P = 0.92). Heifers in both treatments consumed the same plant species (50 from 26 families). Over time, utilization of several plant species increased or decreased (P < 0.05), eventually leveling off for the remainder of the study. Although differences in diet composition were observed, they did not affect overall weight gain (117 and 113 g/day in the naive and naive + sm groups, respectively; P = 0.913). However, initial post-weaning weight loss was avoided in the naive + sm group. Social learning facilitates a higher use of shrubs and trees in tropical pastures containing a high diversity of plant species with different growth habits. As many plant species have high potential as forage, more effort should be placed on developing mechanisms to increase their dietary inclusion by cattle.     

黑龙江省海林市威虎山影视基地夏季常见脊椎动物物种多样性及其动态

2002～2009年,对黑龙江省海林市横道河子镇威虎山影视基地夏季脊椎动物物种多样性进行调查,结果表明：该地区夏季常见脊椎动物有122种,其中圆口纲动物1种、鱼类11种、两栖类6种、爬行类5种、鸟类83种、哺乳类16种,每年平均能够见到79种,由于道路施工以及影视剧拍摄等人为活动干扰使得该地区脊椎动物的物种多样性从2005年显著减少,现正逐步恢复。     

骆岗机场鸟类多样性及鸟击风险分析

2007年10月～2008年9月,采用样线调查法对骆岗机场及周边地区不同生境的鸟类进行了调查,根据鸟类相对数量、遇见频率、生境利用率和飞行高度,对机场鸟类鸟击风险进行评价。调查共记录到鸟类84种,其中留鸟26种,夏候鸟26种（留鸟和夏候鸟有3种重叠）,冬候鸟20种,旅鸟15种。繁殖鸟中东洋型27种,古北型20种,广布种2种。在机场外围,农田-鱼塘生境鸟类密度最高。机场围栏附近各生境鸟类密度均高于内部草坪。全年中,机场鸟类密度在秋季达到最高。春季优势种为白头鹎,夏季优势种包括麻雀、八哥、灰椋鸟和家燕,秋季优势种为麻雀和云雀,冬季优势种为黑水鸡。鸟击风险评价结果表明,白头鹎、麻雀、小白鹭、云雀、家燕等11种鸟类鸟击风险最高。建议采取生态环境治理与人工干扰相结合的方法防范鸟击。     

祁连山退化草地狼毒群落土壤种子库的空间格局

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对祁连山退化草地狼毒群落土壤种子库进行研究。结果显示:(1)狼毒群落土壤种子库毒杂草物种的数量和密度占优势;(2)禾草的种子库密度随退化梯度的增加而减少直至消失,多年生杂草存在于各个植被梯度且密度较大;(3)群落物种数量及其密度呈现0~5cm10~15cm5~10cm的分布规律,各土层内密度差异明显;(4)不同梯度下种子库(0~15cm)的Shannon-wiener指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数波动变化趋势基本一致,而优势度指数与之变化趋势相反,土壤种子库0~5cm与种子库(0~15cm)物种多样性的变化具有较大的相似性;(5)随着退化梯度的增加,种子库和植被的相似系数减小,狼毒等毒杂草的大量繁衍显著的改变了草地群落的功能群结构,自然状态下种子库对原生地带性植被建群种更新的贡献率降低,植被恢复问题严峻。