海洋主要污染物对贝类及其环境的影响

为给海水贝类健康养殖提供依据,本文总结了近年国内外的报道,从氮、磷、重金属、石油类、有机氯农药等海洋污染物对贝类及其环境影响进行了归纳综述,发现由于特殊的取食方式,贝类体内的污染物含量较其它生物高,此外,同种污染物在不同种类贝类体内的积累也存在显著差异。因此,贝类养殖区的选择要比其他养殖区的选择更加谨慎,另外,也可以针对不同养殖海域的具体情况因地制宜地选择不同的养殖种类。     

不同药剂防治方案对某些柑桔病虫害的防治效果及成本分析

1997年7月至2000年6月在浙江黄岩进行了不同药剂防治方案对某些柑桔病虫害的防效及成本的比较试验。结果显示，与果农常规的以使用化学合成农药为主的防治方案相比，采用以使用机油乳剂和铜制剂为主的防治方案既能使柑桔病虫害得到有效的控制，又使果园生态得到改善、天敌群落密度及其对害虫的自然控制力得到恢复，进而使害虫得到可持续的控制。实施该防治方案的初期成本可能会稍高于常规防治方案，但持续实施后，天敌群落密度增加，对害虫的自然控制力提高，需要用药的次数减少，一年后其防治费用会降至常规防治方案之下。     

Assessment of organic compost and biochar in promoting phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil using Calendula officinalis in the Loess Plateau,China

The Loess Plateau, located in Gansu Province, is an important energy base in China because most of the oil and gas resources are distributed in Gansu Province. In the last 40 a, ecological environment in this region has been extremely destroyed due to the over-exploitation of crude-oil resources. Remediation of crude-oil contaminated soil in this area remains to be a challenging task. In this study, in order to elucidate the effects of organic compost and biochar on phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil(20 g/kg) by Calendula officinalis, we designed five treatments, i.e., natural attenuation(CK), planted C. officinalis only(P), planted C. officinalis with biochar amendment(PB), planted C. officinalis with organic compost amendment(PC), and planted C. officinalis with co-amendment of biochar and organic compost(PBC). After 152 d of cultivation, total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH) removal rates of CK, P, PB, PC and PBC were 6.36%, 50.08%, 39.58%, 73.10% and 59.87%, respectively. Shoot and root dry weights of C. officinalis significantly increased by 172.31% and 80.96% under PC and 311.61% and 145.43% under PBC, respectively as compared with P(P0.05). Total chlorophyll contents in leaves of C. officinalis under P, PC and PBC significantly increased by 77.36%, 125.50% and 79.80%, respectively(P0.05) as compared with PB. Physical-chemical characteristics and enzymatic activity of soil in different treatments were also assessed. The highest total N, total P, available N, available P and SOM(soil organic matter) occurred in PC, followed by PBC(P0.05). C. officinalis rhizospheric soil dehydrogenase(DHA) and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) activities in PB were lower than those of other treatments(P0.05). The values of ACE(abundance-based coverage estimators) and Chao 1 indices for rhizospheric bacteria were the highest under PC followed by PBC, P, PB and CK(P0.05). However, the Shannon index for bacteria was the highest under PC and PBC, followed by P, PB and CK(P0.05). In terms of soil microbial community composition, Proteiniphilum, Immundisolibacteraceae and Solimonadaceae were relatively more abundant under PC and PBC. Relative abundances of Pseudallescheria, Ochroconis, Fusarium, Sarocladium, Podospora, Apodus, Pyrenochaetopsis and Schizothecium under PC and PBC were higher, while relative abundances of Gliomastix, Aspergillus and Alternaria were lower under PC and PBC. As per the nonmetric multidimensional scaling(NMDS) analysis, application of organic compost significantly promoted soil N and P contents, shoot length, root vitality, chlorophyll ratio, total chlorophyll, abundance and diversity of rhizospheric soil microbial community in C. officinalis. A high p H value and lower soil N and P contents induced by biochar, altered C. officinalis rhizospheric soil microbial community composition, which might have restrained its phytoremediation efficiency. The results suggest that organic compost-assisted C. officinalis phytoremediation for crude-oil contaminated soil was highly effective in the Loess Plateau, China.     

辽东湾水体中石油类的时空分布特征和污染状况

根据2013-2014年春、夏、秋、冬季对辽东湾海域8个航次的调查资料,研究了水体中石油类的空间分布特征及季节变化趋势,分析了其污染状况,探讨了其污染来源.结果显示,辽东湾海域海水石油类含量范围为(0.003-0.239) mg/L,平均为0.027 mg/L,随着季节周期性变化波动,整体呈下降的变化趋势;春、秋、冬季各航次均存在不同程度的海水水质超标准现象,表底层石油类含量存在显著相关性,具有秋季＞冬季＞春季＞夏季的季节变化趋势,石油类含量呈沿岸高于远岸,开放海域大于海洋保护区的平面分布特征.深入分析发现,石油类含量范围为0.030-0.032 mg/L,分布区域面积最广,为6960 km2,占调查海域的27.0％;集中分布在辽东湾北部沿岸和西部近岸海域.石油类含量低于0.024 mg/L的区域分布面积为2806 km2,占辽东湾调查面积的10.9％,分布区域主要集中在大连斑海豹国家级自然保护区范围内.石油类含量高于0.032 mg/L,区域分布面积为1170 km2,仅占辽东湾调查面积的4.5％,集中分布在辽东湾西部沿岸港口区海域.季节变化主要受机动渔船海上作业污染影响;陆源输入和人类海上活动的输入为辽东湾海域石油类主要来源.     

渤海湾天津海域贝体调查与评价

对2012年10月至2013年10月期间,在渤海湾天津海域采集的毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、牡蛎(Ostrea cucullata)、四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)和扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)等常见贝类样品生物类、石油类、重金属污染状况进行调查及初步评价。结果表明,化学污染因子石油烃、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、无机As均有残存,生物污染因子粪大肠菌群、腹泻性贝类毒素也均有检出,但含量值较低。总体来看渤海湾天津海域常见贝体没有受到明显污染。     

石油烃对孔石莼生长及光合作用的影响

研究了3种石油烃（船舶燃油（L.D.O.）、沙特阿拉伯轻质原油（沙轻原油）和船用润滑油（润滑油））溶液对孔石莼Ulva pertusa的生长和光合作用的影响。L.D.O.和沙轻原油石油烃的浓度分别设置为0、5、10、15、25、50 mg/L,润滑油石油烃浓度分别设置为0、5、10、20、25、50、100 mg/L。结果表明：孔石莼在3种石油烃较低的浓度下均可存活,但当石油烃浓度升高到一定量时（L.D.O.=50 mg/L;沙轻原油=50 mg/L;润滑油=100 mg/L）,96 h内全部死亡;在3种石油烃不同浓度的溶液中,孔石莼的叶绿素含量、光合速率及呼吸速率总体趋势是随着石油烃浓度的升高而降低,叶绿素含量及光合速率的变化基本呈波浪式,但在润滑油石油烃各浓度溶液中,孔石莼的光合速率则随着油浓度的升高呈现逐渐下降的趋势。     

石油降解菌群的构建及其对混合烃的降解特性

经富集、分离、纯化,并经选择性培养基的筛选和对总石油烃(TPH)降解能力的测试,从大庆油田石油污染土壤中获得6株分别具有环烷烃、直链烷烃和芳烃降解能力的菌株B_1、B_2、B_3、B_6、B_7和B_9。经16S r RNA基因序列比对,菌株B_1、B_2、B_6和B_7分别属于嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga sp.)、苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium sp.)、鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium sp.)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),B_3和B_9属于节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)。通过对接种比例、接种量和生长条件的优化,构建了微生物降解菌群,并采用该菌群进行混合烃污染土壤的修复。结果表明,该菌群对三类烃的去除均具有明显的促进作用。经过40 d的修复,环十二烷去除率达74.5%;100 d后,正十六烷和芘的去除率分别达56.9%和60.4%。前10 d修复过程中,各污染物降解速率最大,之后则逐渐降低,与土壤微生物多样性、数量以及活性的变化趋势相似。     

大鹏澳浮游纤毛虫群落与环境因子间的关系

为探讨大亚湾海域水体和沉积物中石油烃的含量及其分布特征,2015年4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和12月(冬季)对大亚湾海域的石油烃进行了4个季度调查。结果显示,大亚湾表层水体石油烃质量浓度为0.005~0.268 mg·L^–1,均值为0.067 mg·L^–1,水质为国家三类海水,平均污染指数(P_i)为1.34,水体已经受到石油烃的污染。水体中石油烃的分布主要受湾内顺时针方向水平环流的影响,春季石油烃的高值区位于湾内东部海域,夏季位于湾内南部海域,秋季位于湾内西南部海域,冬季则位于湾内北部海域。表层沉积物中石油烃质量分数为7~559 mg·kg^–1,均值为183.4 mg·kg^–1,平均P_i为0.367,表明大亚湾表层沉积物除了A9站位受污染之外,整体未受石油烃污染。表层沉积物中石油烃呈点源分布,高值区位于中央列岛区、南澳镇东北海域以及大辣甲东面海域,主要分布于石化排污区、进港航道和油码头附近。     

瑞香狼毒根乙醇提取物石油醚萃取相杀螨微乳剂的研制

【目的】为了增强瑞香狼毒根乙醇提取物石油醚萃取相的杀螨活性,开发相应的植物源杀螨微乳剂。【方法】通过调控溶剂、乳化剂、防冻剂、稳定剂的种类、含量配制微乳剂,利用稳定性、澄清度来控制其质量,采用玻片浸渍法对比制剂前后的杀螨活性,采用田间药效试验方法测定微乳剂的杀螨效果。【结果】瑞香狼毒根乙醇提取物石油醚萃取相微乳剂的最佳配方为(体积比):瑞香狼毒根乙醇提取物石油醚萃取相15%、十二烷基苯磺酸钙18%、二甲基亚砜1%、60%的乙醇2%、稳定剂1%、防冻剂3%、自来水补足至100%;在-4~60℃、pH值6.0~8.5,微乳剂稳定性良好;石油醚萃取相微乳剂LC50为1.25mg/mL,优于石油醚相萃取物(LC50为2.51mg/mL);微乳剂在施药1次,1、3、5、7d观察后,大田药效试验显示施药后7d,防治效果高达70%。【结论】瑞香狼毒根乙醇提取物石油醚萃取相微乳剂有望成为一种新的植物源杀螨剂。