河北坝上退耕还林草区新农村建设面临的问题与对策

以河北省康保县为例,在实地调查和资料分析基础上,探讨了退耕还林还草区新农村建设面临的主要生态和社会经济问题,并针对性提出了相应对策。     

我国东部输油管道的技术发展

随着大庆油田的开发，20世纪70年代是国内原油管道建设第一次高潮，并由此奠定了我国原油管道设计、建设的基础，形成了一定的技术和管理模式。为了缩小与国际先进管道技术的差距，引进了德、英、日、美、加拿大等9个国家的先进技术和装备，于1990年建成了我国第一条用SCADA技术控制运行的东黄复线，此后东部地区的一些原油管道也先后进行了改造。根据东部地区输油管道建设和发展的实际状况，探讨了适合该地区原油管道技术和管理的发展方向。     

土壤氮磷钾养分资源特征和综合管理策略

本文拓宽高产施肥的传统观念,将土壤和肥料施入的养分视为自然资源,提出了养分资源综合管理策略:在施肥技术上,以提高养分利用效率为目标,以积极发展有机肥为基础,对氮重在作物营养分期逐步调控,尽可能提高施肥量的准确性;对磷钾重在土壤养分消长趋势监控,施肥量可保持相对稳定。在研究方法上,以氮为重点,适当减少试验因素,增加因素水平。在化肥资源开发上,挖掘国内生产潜力,限制氮肥进口,适当增加磷钾肥进口。     

An approach for precision farming under pivot irrigation system using remote sensing and GIS techniques

The current work is aimed to realizing land and water use efficiency and determining the profitability of precision farming economically and environmentally. The studied area is represented by an experimental pivot irrigation field cultivated with maize in Ismailia province, Egypt. Two field practices were carried out during the successive summer growing seasons (2008 and 2009) to study the response of maize plants single hybrid 10 (S.H.10) to traditional and precision farming practices. Traditional farming (TF) as handled by the farm workers were observed and noted carefully. On the other hand precision farming (PF) practices included field scouting, grid soil sampling, variable rate technology and its applications. After applying PF a dramatic change in management zones was noticed and three management zones (of total four) were merged to be more homogenous representing 84.3% of the pivot irrigation field.Under PF Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System techniques have played a vital role in the variable rate applications that were defined due to management zones requirements. Fertilizers were added in variable rates, so that rationalization of fertilizers saved 23.566 tonnes/experimental pivot area. Natural drainage system was improved by designing vertical holes to break down massive soil layers and to leach excessive salts. Crop water requirements were determined in variable rate according to the actual plant requirements using SEBAL model with the aid of FAO Cropwat model. Irrigation schedule of maize was adopted considering soil water retention, depletion, gross and net irrigation saving an amount of water equal to 93,718 m³ in the pivot irrigation field (153.79 acre). However costs of applying PF were much higher than TF, the economic profitability (returns-costs) achieved remarkable increase of 29.89% as a result of crop yield increment by 1000, 2100, 800 and 200 kg/acre in the management zones 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Finally applying adequate amounts of fertilizers beside water control the environmental hazards was reduced to the acceptable limits.     

豫北钢板平房仓隔热控温储存大豆应用试验

严格按照施工工艺要求,通过对钢板仓内表面喷涂5cm厚的聚氨酯发泡储存大豆试验,夏季仓温相比砖混高大平房仓要低1～2.8℃,豆堆上层粮温低0.8～3.0℃,大豆储存品质也较砖混高大平房仓效果要好,证明了豫北地区钢板平房仓隔热控温储存大豆的可行性。     

热带牧草对高温干旱适应性特征特性的研究

对美国矮象草、毛花雀稗、百喜草等热带牧草具有的特殊组织与细胞结构进行了探讨。从而确认这几种热带牧草对高温干旱、酸、瘠有很强的适应性，是适合红壤丘陵区种植的优良草种，可大力推广     

应用酶标抗体染色法实验检定空肠弯曲菌

应用酶标抗体染色法检定空肠弯曲菌,具有较高的特异性及敏感性,除金黄色葡萄球菌呈现轻度着染外(可以从形态学上排除),对沙门氏菌等9种杂菌均不发生非特异性染色反应;用以检查空肠弯曲菌纯培养物,敏感性可达400万个菌/ml。对同时接种10个空肠弯曲菌和1亿个杂菌的30h选择性增菌肉汤培养物,酶染色法可准确地检出,而且不受杂菌的干扰。检查47份鸡粪便标本和38株猪源空肠弯曲菌,其结果与常规细菌分离鉴定结果相同。建立的检定空肠弯曲菌的酶标抗体染色法可在2h内完成。     

翻耕补播措施对宁夏荒漠草原土壤碳氮储量的影响

以3种翻耕补播方式(深翻耕补播、浅翻耕补播和免耕补播,播量30kg/hm²)及深翻补播不同播量(7.5kg/hm²、15kg/hm²和22.5kg/hm²)为研究对象,以封育未补播为对照,研究了不同翻耕补播措施对宁夏荒漠草原土壤碳氮储量的影响。结果表明:封育未补播处理可提高0～10cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量;深翻耕补播可显著提高10～20cm和20～40cm土层土壤有机碳含量,深翻耕补播和深翻-播量15.0kg/hm²可分别提高土壤10～20cm和20～40cm土层土壤全氮含量。深翻耕补播、深翻-播量15.0kg/hm²、7.5kg/hm²和封育未补播措施均可提高浅层(0～10cm)土壤碳氮比;浅翻耕补播和深翻-播量7.5kg/hm²可提高10～20cm土层土壤碳氮比。深翻耕且播量为30.0kg/hm²的人工补播措施较其他措施更有利于土壤有机碳和全氮的固存,但从操作性和成本的角度考虑,短期...     

不同海拔地区两种小型猪血液生理生化指标比较

本试验旨在比较高原蕨麻小型猪与平原巴马小型猪的血液生理生化指标差异,为高原蕨麻小型猪的实验动物化提供理论基础.试验分别在高原地区和西安市采集高原蕨麻小型猪与巴马小型猪血样,检测10项血液生理指标和14项血液生化指标,并对结果进行统计分析.结果显示,血液生理指标中高原蕨麻小型猪的红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、红细胞平均血红蛋白含量(MCH)、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCMH)均极显著高于巴马小型猪(P< 0.01),血小板(PLT)、红细胞分布列宽变异系数(RDW-CV)和红细胞分布宽度标准差(RDW-SD)与巴马小型猪相比差异显著(P< 0.05);血液生化指标中高原蕨麻小型猪γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT)、葡萄糖(GLU)、肌酐(CRE)均极显著高于巴马小型猪(P< 0.01),其余指标均无显著差异(P> 0.05).结果表明,高原蕨麻小型猪具有低氧适应的生理特征,与巴马小型猪相比有独特的高原适应性,具有开发成为高原疾病动物模型的潜力.     

葡萄二倍体与四倍体品种间杂交胚珠的离体培养

为了克服葡萄二倍体品种与四倍体品种之间的交配障碍,进行了杂交胚珠的离体培养研究。发芽胚珠的取样时期集中于授粉后35～75d,其中多数以二倍体作母本的组合在授粉后55d取样的发芽率最高,以四倍体作母本的组合授粉后70d取样的发芽率最高。基本培养模式为:发育培养基-(剥胚)萌发培养基-生长培养基。用二倍体品种作母本时,所有组合均获得了培养苗,在1号培养基上培养的胚珠发芽率高于2号培养基。反交对培养基的要求有相反趋势,其中2个组合未得到培养苗。授粉后60d,直接剥出杂种胚进行培养,得到了最高发芽率。综合分析初步认为,用二倍体品种作母本比用四倍体品种作母本容易获得杂交后代。