Analysis of series of variety trials with perennial crops

Field trials with perennial crops give rise to repeated measurements taken on the same plot on several occasions. It is important to account for serial correlation among repeated measurements in such trials. This study illustrates the use of mixed models for this purpose. We consider the analysis of trials conducted at several locations and the combination of trials with different starting years. A key issue in the analysis is the distinction between effects of calendar years, which are associated with external environmental variation, and harvest years, which represent internal yield formation processes of the perennial crop. Two methods of two‐stage analysis are compared with single‐stage analysis. It is shown that results of two‐stage analysis are very similar to those of single‐stage analysis, if serial correlation is properly taken into account. Program code for the MIXED procedure of the SAS system is given in an Appendix S1 for all considered cases.     

火焰花挥发性成分的SPME-GC/MS分析

用固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用(SPME-GC/MS)法鉴定鲜火焰花和干火焰花中的挥发性成分。从鲜火焰花中共鉴定出挥发性成分24种,其中含量较高有双戊烯、反式柠檬烯-1,2-环氧化物和α-法呢烯,相对含量分别为64.327%、9.876%和5.668%;从干火焰花中鉴定出挥发性成分34种,其中含量较高有双戊烯、(E)-香叶基丙酮和苯乙醇,相对含量分别为49.389%、8.136%和5.600%。双戊烯是火焰花的主要特征性挥发成分和香味成分,在鲜花和干花中的相对含量分别为64.327%和49.389%。     

台农1号芒果一次花和二次花的特性研究

为了探讨比较台农1号芒果“一年两熟”栽培过程中一次花和二次花的形态特性,对其一次花和二次花的花序长度、花朵直径、两性花比率、花粉活性、花粉量及花粉形态、大小进行了试验研究。结果表明：一次花和二次花的花序平均长度分别为30.74cm和20.67cm;一次花和二次花的直径平均长度分别为7.30mm和6.55mm;一次花和二次花的两性花比率较低,一次花的两性花比率为20.06%,二花的两性花比率为28.79%;一次花的花粉活性比二次花的花粉活性高,一次花的花粉活性为12.90%,二次花的花粉活性为7.63%;一次花的每花花药含花粉量为500个,二次花的每花花药含花粉量为333个;台农1号一次花和二次花的花粉形态可分为长椭圆形花粉、椭圆形花粉、近圆形花粉和不规则形花粉4个类型。     

Connectivity,habitat, and flow regime influence fish assemblage structure: Implications for environmental water management in a perennial river of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia

1. Environmental water management seeks to balance competing demands between the water needed to sustain human populations and their economic activities and that required to sustain functioning freshwater ecosystems and the species they support. It must be predicated on an understanding of the environmental, hydrological, and biological factors that determine the distribution and abundance of aquatic species.
2. The Daly River of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia consists of a perennially flowing main stem and large tributaries, as well as many small to large naturally intermittent tributaries, and associated off‐channel wetlands. Increased groundwater abstraction to support irrigated agriculture during the dry season threatens to reduce dry‐season flows that maintain perenniality and persistence of freshwater fishes.
3. Fish assemblages were surveyed at 55 locations during the dry season over a 2‐year period with the goal of establishing the key landscape‐scale and local‐scale (i.e. habitat) drivers of fish species distribution.
4. Longitudinal (upstream/downstream) and lateral (river/floodplain) gradients in assemblage structure were observed with the latter dependent on the position in the river landscape. Underlying these gradients, stream flow intermittency influenced assemblage composition, species richness, and body size distributions. Natural constraints to dispersal were identified and their influence on assemblage structure was also dependent on position within the catchment.
5. Eight distinct assemblage types were identified, defined by differences in the abundance of species within five groups differing in functional traits describing body size, spawning requirements, and dispersal capacity. These functional groups largely comprised species widely distributed in northern Australia.
6. The results of the study are discussed with reference to the environmental flow needs of the Daly River and other rivers of northern Australia. The findings may also be applied to environmental flow management in savannah rivers elsewhere.

     

“玉米带”改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应模拟

该文针对美国密西西比河上游明尼苏达州农田排水氮素流失严重,近年来又大力发展生物燃料产业的现状,采用田间水文模型——DRAINMOD模拟分析了玉米-大豆轮作区改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应。结果表明改种多年生草后,植物耗水量的增加使得农田排水量明显减少;较深的草根系,尤其是在干旱年份消耗了大量的深层土壤水,降低了地下水位。种草后的生物排水量远远大于其他工程措施（如增加排水间距或潜埋排水管等）,可显著减少农田排水氮素流失对水环境的影响。     

九个草坪草品种在西宁地区的引种适应性研究

通过对草地早熟禾4个品种和多年生黑麦草5个品种的引种试验,对其在西宁地区的越冬率、密度、再生速度、地下生物量、绿期等方面进行了比较研究,结果表明:草地早熟禾(Poapraten sis)中的4个品种均表现较好,尤其以肯塔基(K.B.G)和诺德(Nordia)2个品种表现突出;多年生黑麦草(Loliumperenne)中的迪斯绿(Dixiegreen)也表现出较好的适应性。     

延伸漳州花卉产业链的SWOT分析

运用SWOT分析方法,对漳州花卉产业链延伸的优势、劣势,以及政治、经济、社会和技术等各方面的因素进行分析,论证漳州花卉产业链延伸的可能性。     

Extending the postharvest life of carnations with nitric oxide—comparison of fumigation and in vivo delivery

The ability of nitric oxide (NO) to extend the postharvest life at 20 °C of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White-Sim) was investigated using delivery by gas-based fumigation and in vivo release via a solution containing the NO donor compound 2,2′-(hydroxynitrosohydrazino)-bisethanamine (DETA/NO). Treatment with NO gas in air at 1 and 5 μl l⁻¹ produced about a 30% increase in postharvest life while DETA/NO applied in solution at 10 mg l⁻¹ extended postharvest life by about 50% when dissolved in water. For flowers, use of solid delivery appears to offer a more convenient and more effective method of NO treatment than gaseous fumigation to extend postharvest life.     

Genetic Variation for Seed Yield in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

In perennial ryegrass seed yield is low and unreliable and little is known about the seed-yielding capacity of different cultivars. Therefore, genetic variation for seed yield was studied for therefore, genetic variation for seed yield was studied for three years at two locations. Twelve trials consisting of drilled plots of nine diploid, late-flowering cultivars in four replications were harvested for seed. Significant gentic differences for seed yield and seed weight weight were detected. The ranking of the cultivars for seed yield differed from that for seed weight. The levels of seed yield and seed weight were affected by such environmental factors as year, soil type and crop production year, but interactions of these factors with cultivars were generally not significant. Variation in seed yield was more related to variation in seed number than to variation in seed weight. There were no significant cultivar differences for yield stability. The highest yielding cultivar was superior over a wide range of environments and the seed yield of the poorest cultivar was on average only 64% of that of the best cultivar.     

Genetic improvement of yield of nitrogen of Lolium perenne pastures

Summary Four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates bred over a 30 year period were grown in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies and three levels of fertiliser (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of N annually). In the second harvest year, the nitrogen (N) content of herbage at each harvest was determined and the yields of N calculated. The newest variety (Ba 10761) gave a 20% higher mean annual yield of N than the oldest (S.321). The influence of variety in increasing the ratio of N recovered: N applied was as great or greater than the influence of harvesting frequency or level of applied N. There were small differences between varieties in N content (%N), N content being inversely related to N yield.