溶藻弧菌对水产动物致病性及其防治的研究进展

溶藻弧菌是一种常见的海洋伺机性病原体,是引起人类、水生动物细菌性疾病的重要病原之一。与其它病原微生物一样,弧菌的致病性与其产生的多种毒力因子息息相关,毒力基因是产生各种毒力因子的物质基础。本文对溶藻弧菌的病原学、致病机理及其防治等方面的最新研究成果进行了综述。     

新疆沙井子灌区棉花枯萎病发病规律与防治

笔者介绍了新疆沙井子灌区棉花枯萎病的发病规律,发病类型与症状,并从农业防治、化学防治及培育抗病品种方面提出预防措施。     

鹿食毛症的发病原因与综合防治措施

矿物质、微量元素、含硫氨基酸等营养物质缺乏或饲养密度过大是引起鹿只咬毛、食毛并继发前胃弛缓、瓣胃阻塞的主要病因。鹿食毛症一般多在3~4月份发病,发病率高达90%以上,导致公鹿鹿茸品质和产量下降,仔鹿生长发育不良,严重的甚至在真胃和小肠内形成大小不等的毛团,阻塞消化道造成死亡,给养鹿业带来严重危害,造成经济上的巨大损失。主要防治措施有合理分群管理,饲养密度适当;补充矿物元素和含硫氨基酸,平衡饲料营养;患病鹿只可以灌胃泻药排除毛球,严重的需要手术治疗。     

Endogenous Ethane and Ethylene Of Poa pratensis Leaf Blades and Leaf Chlorosis in Response to Biologically Active Products of Bipolaris sorokiniana

Infection of Poa pratensis leaf blades and callus tissue by Bipolaris sorokiniana increases the production of ethylene and ethane. The ethylene is responsible for most of the chlorosis that occurs during pathogenesis. The nonselective toxin(s) produced by B. sorokiniana is known to disrupt membranes and to damage chlorophyll, but it is not known whether it can induce an increase in ethylene or ethane. Research was initiated to determine the effect of a biologically-active extract of B. sorokiniana on the endogenous ethylene and ethane of intact P. pratensis leaf blades and on subsequent development of chlorosis. The extract did not increase endogenous ethylene of treated leaves, but it was associated with an increase in endogenous ethane between 24 and 96h after treatment. Chlorophyll loss occurred 96h after treatment and persisted for the duration of the study (168h). The chlorophyll content of treated leaf blades ranged from 72% to 80% of control leaf blades. The observations suggest that the extract of B. sorokiniana can induce chlorophyll loss from treated leaf blades independent of an increase in endogenous ethylene by directly damaging chloroplasts with a concurrent release of ethane. The ethane is believed to be a by-product of pathogenesis.     

Purification and Characterization of the Aetiological Agent of Hydropericardium Hepatitis Syndrome from Infected Liver Tissues of Broiler Chickens

Hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome in broiler chickens is an acute, infectious disease characterized by high mortality, excess pericardial fluid and multifocal hepatic necrosis. The aetiological agent was purified to homogeneity from infected liver tissues from field outbreaks. Electron-microscopic and serological confirmation of the virus were undertaken and the disease was reproduced experimentally in broiler chicks. The results indicated that an adenovirus, fowl adenovirus serotype 4, was alone responsible for the disease in the materials studied.     

The pathogenicity and pathogenesis of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (F38) in the caprine mammary gland

The right mammary gland of 12 lactating goats was inoculated intracisternally with 1 ml of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mcc) containing 10>⁶ colony-forming units (CFU), while their left mammary halves received 1 ml of sterile PPLO broth only. Two goats served as uninfected controls. The clinical mastitis that developed in the infected mammary halves within 24 h was initially acute but became increasingly chronic by the end of the experiment at 24 days post inoculation (DPI). The disease was characterized by atrophy of the infected mammary halves, leading to marked agalactia and an increase in somatic cell counts, with a preponderance of neutrophils initially and lymphocytes later. The Mycoplasma was re-isolated from infected mammary secretions up to 16 DPI but not from blood. Histopathology revealed that the mastitis was acute and purulent initially, followed by infiltration of lymphonuclear cells and fibroplasia in the lymphomononuclear cells and fibroplasia in the interacinar tissue, and later by massive fibrosis. Immunohistology demonstrated the presence of Mycoplasma-like bodies localized mainly on the surface of acinar/duct epithelial cells. The studies showed that Mcc was highly pathogenic in the caprine mammary gland.     

基于转录组水平的枣疯病发病机理研究

为探究枣树感染枣疯病植原体后的发病规律和内在机制,以‘木枣’健康与感病植株为材料,连续测定现蕾后10~60 d叶片中玉米素、生长素、脱落酸、赤霉素、水杨酸等内源激素的含量以及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶等抗氧化保护酶的活性;通过转录组测序,筛选感病诱发的差异表达基因,并利用qRT-PCR技术对相关基因的表达模式进行验证。结果表明:感病植株中玉米素含量在现蕾后30 d时开始显著升高,水杨酸含量在现蕾后50 d时开始显著升高,过氧化氢酶活性呈降低趋势但在现蕾后60 d时显著升高。以现蕾后20~30 d的叶片进行转录组测序分析,共筛选到1 669个差异表达基因,其中1 114个基因在感病植株中上调表达,555个下调表达。差异表达基因的GO功能富集主要包括生物进程、代谢进程及催化活性,KEGG代谢通路主要为次级生物代谢。在差异表达基因中发现了15个与激素和保护酶代谢相关的基因,经qRT-PCR验证,ZjNCED、ZjGA20、ZjPAL、ZjPOD2和ZjPOD5在转录水平上的表达与对应的激素含量和保护酶活性变化趋势一致,表明这些基因的表达调控对感病后植株的内源激素含量和抗氧化保护酶活性的动态变化具有重要作用。枣疯病植原体感染枣树引起基因表达改变、激素和保护酶的代谢紊乱可能是导致枣树发育畸形的原因。     

一株灰葡萄孢黑色素缺失突变体的获得及其生物学特性

黑色素是许多植物病原真菌致病因子,为明确灰葡萄孢黑色素在致病及抗逆过程中的作用,本试验采用PEG介导的原生质体转化的方法获得了1个黑色素缺失突变体,并通过基因扩增及分子杂交对其进行鉴定。对突变菌株的致病力进行测定,结果显示突变菌株的致病力明显下降,并且与野生型相比突变菌株的生长速度下降和对紫外线敏感性加强。说明黑色素在灰霉致病性及抗逆中起关键作用,这为今后以灰霉黑色素为靶位点设计杀菌剂进行防治奠定了基础。     

膜府系统的病理特征初探——中医膜府系统学说之三

膜府的病理特征是受纳邪气,转输病邪,气机怫郁,阴阳失调,渗灌障碍则津停血瘀,渗泄无度则耗伤气血津液,久病入膜则气滞血瘀而成痼疾,虚实夹杂,变化多端。