致谢审稿专家

Two agricultural soils were collected from Dahu and Pinchen counties and swine manure compost (SMC) from Pingtung County in Taiwan, China to investigate the sorption and dissipation of three tetracyclines (TCs), i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), in compost, soils and soil/compost mixtures with different organic carbon (OC) contents. There were seven treatments in total. TCs were most strongly adsorbed to SMC in all treatments due to the high OC content. When SMC was present in the soils, the sorption of TCs was significantly enhanced, which might be attributed to the increased OC content and CEC. The adsorption of TCs showed non-linear adsorption isotherms and fitted well to the Freundlich model. After 49 d of incubation at 25 oC in soils and soil/compost mixtures in the dark, TCs elapsed in all substrates, with the time required for 50% degradation (DT50) between 20 and 41 d, and the time for 90% degradation (DT90) between 68 and 137 d. Soil amended with compost enhanced the stability of TCs and reduced their mobility. The dissipation of TCs in a soil environment was slow, indicating that these compounds might be persistent in soil.     

双螯合速效生态有机肥在生菜上的应用

为了提高有机肥料利用率,以帝皇结球生菜为材料,研究双螯合速效生态有机肥在露地条件下不同施用量对生菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明：有机肥用量15000kg·hm。的处理对生菜产量和品质的影响最大,株高达到11．73cm、叶长为23．13cm、叶宽为19．60cm、叶片数为21．13片、叶绿素含量为49．107mg·dm。、单球重为543．0g、可溶性糖含量45．20g·kg^-1、每100g生菜中维生素C含量为138．0mg,其次为有机肥用量10000和20000kg·hm。的处理。     

侵蚀作用对黄土丘陵沟壑区有机碳迁移-沉积的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)作为陆地碳库的重要组成部分,不仅对土壤肥力产生重要影响,而且在一定程度上影响着全球变暖趋势,为了深入探究土壤侵蚀与有机碳的关系,利用137 Cs核示踪法,以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域王茂沟坡耕地、林地、草地和梯田四种土地利用为研究对象,分析了不同坡面下土壤侵蚀对SOC迁移和沉积的影响规律.结果表明:与该...     

宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式(耕地、弃耕地、草地和柠条地)的土壤为研究对象,测定了不同土层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量,分析了土壤活性有机碳占有机碳的比例,以期探寻不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤总有机碳含量范围在1.78~6.17 g·kg^-1,具体表现为弃耕地>柠条地>草地>耕地。表层(0~5 cm)土壤有机碳含量显著高于深层(10~60 cm),说明荒漠草原土壤有机碳主要富集在表层;4种土地利用方式土壤易氧化有机碳含量为0.57~1.38 mg·g^-1,变化趋势具体表现为柠条地>草地>耕地>弃耕地,且柠条地在每个土层都高于其它3种土地利用方式;土壤可溶性有机碳含量范围为6.8~11.1 mg·kg^-1,变化趋势表现为草地>耕地>柠条地>弃耕地。土壤易氧化有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为13.7%~43.1%,大小排序为柠条地>耕地>草地>弃耕地;土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为0.11%~0.48%,比例大小为耕地>草地>柠条地>弃耕地,耕地和草地中土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳比例随着土壤深度的增加而减小,这与有机碳在耕地和草地中变化趋势一致。土地利用变化可以显著影响土壤活性有机碳的含量与分布,能够敏感的反映土壤碳库的变化,可以作为评价宁夏荒漠草原土壤质量和肥力的指标之一。     

The effect of genotype,choice feeding,and season on organically reared broilers fed diets devoid of synthetic methionine

In response to the impending ban on synthetic methionine in organic poultry diets, researchers have focused on finding alternative strategies to supply this amino acid. The objectives of this study were to assess performance and carcass characteristics of broilers fed diets devoid of synthetic methionine by using 1) a slow-growing and a fast-growing genotype, 2) choice-feeding management (supplying grain and a complementary premix in 2 separate feeders), and 3) pasture access and seasonal variation. Inclusion of fish meal and high percentages of soybean meal enabled the specific genotype methionine requirement to be met. All diets were certified organic. The experiment was conducted during the grower and finisher phases in 4 different seasons: late fall, spring, summer, and early fall. Pasture access was assessed either by housing broilers on the West Virginia University Organic farm and giving them outdoor access, or by housing broilers on the West Virginia University Animal Sciences farm and giving them no outdoor access. Fast-growing genotypes were superior in performance and carcass characteristics compared with slow-growing genotypes, and choice-feeding management did not improve performance or carcass characteristics. Pasture access tended to have no effect on slow-growing broilers and decreased the performance of fast-growing broilers. Performance was decreased in late fall, likely because of cold ambient temperatures.     

原料差异对厌氧消化微生物群落的影响

以餐厨垃圾、果蔬垃圾、麦秸3种不同原料分别进行厌氧消化,研究了各反应器在最佳运行条件下的消化特性和微生物群落组成。结果表明:VS产气率由高到低依次为餐厨垃圾(756.4mL·g-1VS-1)、麦秸(696.5mL·g-1VS-1)和果蔬垃圾(433.5mL·g-1VS-1),甲烷含量在51.5%～55.1%之间,利用PCR-DGGE技术系统地分析了不同原料消化系统内细菌和古菌的群落结构构成及差异。结果表明,虽然3组样品中细菌和古菌的群落存在相同的优势微生物,但其数量和群落结构差异也较为明显,细菌中以拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)以及古菌中甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)和甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum)均为样品共有的优势微生物。     

基于RS和GIS的松辽平原黑土信息提取

为保护黑土资源并使其可持续利用,基于ASTER数据采用多元逐步回归方法估算了黑土有机质含量,利用决策二叉树方法和DEM数据等提取了黑土信息。结果表明：基于ASTER数据可快速有效地提取黑土信息;当土壤有机质质量分数低于2%时,估算有机质的模型精度受到土壤反射特性的制约而误差较大;在GIS支持下充分利用辅助信息可提高黑土的提取精度,使提取的黑土信息更准确可靠;根据研究得到松辽平原黑土带北起黑河市,南至昌图县,现有黑土总面积51 360.15 km2,其中黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省的黑土面积依次递减,分别是35 3     

不同农作管理措施对东北地区农田土壤有机碳未来变化的模拟研究

【目的】研究与探索不同农作管理措施对东北农业土壤有机碳的影响,为东北地区高产高效低碳农业及可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】不同农作管理措施能够影响土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）的未来变化,该研究基于东北地区4个长期定位试验站点（黑龙江省哈尔滨站点、吉林省公主岭站点、吉林省德惠站点、辽宁省沈阳站点）的试验数据,用站点的实测作物产量和SOC双标准对DAYCENT模型进行校验。DAYCENT模型调整的相关参数包括作物参数、耕作方式参数、施肥参数、收获参数和有机肥参数等,在对所选试验站点的长期定位试验结果校验后,利用已校验的各项参数,对模型模拟情况进行验证,发现模型模拟值与实测值吻合良好,表明DAYCENT模型适用于这4个地区的作物产量和SOC模拟,可以较好地模拟SOC的动态变化。进而研究在未来气候变化情景下（representative concentration pathway 4.5,RCP 4.5）,用校验了的DAYCENT模型对这4个站点在4种不同管理情景（施用化肥、增施有机肥、秸秆还田、免耕）下的SOC变化情况进行模拟。【结果】模拟结果显示,对于哈尔滨站点,采用有机肥和氮磷钾化肥配施处理（MNPK）在短时间内使SOC升高较快,而从长远来看,配施低量有机肥与单施用化肥对SOC增加的斜率基本一致,但由于化肥和有机肥配施（MNPK）处理的初始SOC含量高,其SOC未来含量的绝对值也比较高;对于德惠站点,虽然短时间内,免耕处理SOC低于常耕处理,但长期看来,免耕更有利于增加SOC,其SOC涨幅逐渐高于常耕处理,40年间相对增加了11.88%;公主岭站点有机肥氮磷钾化肥配施和氮磷钾化肥结合秸秆还田措施较单施化肥可显著提高农田SOC;沈阳站点的未来有机碳模拟发现,在单施化肥情况下,未来的42年内SOC呈略微下降趋势,相对降低2.83%,从长远看来,单施化肥并不能使该地区SOC增加,因此,可以考虑采用有机肥和氮磷钾化肥配施等措施来提高该地区的农田SOC。【结论】DAYCENT模型可以有效地模拟作物产量和土壤有机碳的动态变化,模型适应性较强,同时DAYCENT模型可用于模拟站点未来SOC的动态变化。在东北地区农田土壤管理方面,可通过合理的有机肥化肥配施、推广免耕和秸秆还田技术来固定土壤碳,最终达到提高土壤有机碳库和促进农业可持续发展的目标。