Eucalyptus growth and phosphorus nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and phosphorus fertilization

ABSTRACT

Soil compaction interferes in soil nutrient transport and root growth. The aim of this work was to evaluate eucalypt growth and phosphorus (P) nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and P rates. The treatments were composed of a 3 × 4 factorial scheme (soil bulk densities levels versus P fertilization rates) for two weathered tropical soils, a clayey Ferralsol (F_Clayey) and a sandy Ferralsol (F_Sandy). The soil bulk densities assessed were 0.90, 1.10 and 1.30 g cm^?3 for F_Clayey, and 1.35, 1.55 and 1.75 g cm^?3 for F_Sandy. The P rates were 0, 150, 300 and 600 mg kg^?1 for F_Clayey, and 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg^?1 for F_Sandy. Soil compaction reduced root growth, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P recovery efficiency; and increased average root diameter. Phosphorus fertilization increased root length density, root surface area, dry matter, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P uptake efficiency; and decreased P recovery efficiency. It was concluded that P fertilization is not effective to offset the deleterious effects of soil compaction on eucalypt growth and nutrition.

Abbreviations: F_Clayey: clayey Ferralsol; F_Sandy: sandy Ferralsol; R_Dens: root length density; R_Diam: root diameter; R_Surf: root surface area; R_DM: root dry matter; S_DM: shoot dry matter; WP_DM: whole-plant dry matter; R_P: root P content; S_P: shoot P content; WP_P: whole-plant P content; PU_tE: P utilization efficiency; PU_pE: P uptake efficiency; PRE: P recovery efficiency.     

Critical nitrate levels for leaf lettuce,radish, and spinach plants

Abstract

Leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) plants were grown in sand culture under variable N concentrations from 0.187 to 48.0 meq/l. The plants were harvested when those grown at 12 meq N/l had attained approximate market maturity. Growth was restricted, and symptoms of N deficiency were evident at the low levels of N. Growth was also restricted at the highest N level. Approximate critical levels for leaf lettuce, radish roots, and spinach are 2000 ppm, 5000 ppm, and 4000 ppm, nitrate‐N respectively, on a dry weight basis.     

巨桉苗期矿质营养试验

巨桉苗期矿质营养试验＊仲崇禄关键词巨桉、苗木、矿质营养、施肥巨桉（ＥｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓｇｒａｎｄｉｓＨｉｌｅｘＭａｉｄｅｎ）营养研究国内外均有报道［１～５］，但对巨桉苗多种施肥处理的研究还未见报道。热带地区，多数林业用地的土壤是贫瘠的，但通过合理施肥...     

Management of forest nursery soils dominated by calcium salts

Soils that contain high levels of calcium salts can affect tree seedling growth in two ways: high total salts can reduce water availability, and excess calcium can affect seedling nutrition. Nutritional problems, such as iron deficiency (lime-induced chlorosis) and phosphorus deficiency, can seriously affect forest nursery production through growth losses, stunting, and sometimes seedling mortality. High calcium soils can be diagnosed by visible symptoms, soil tests, and seedling nutrient analysis. Soil management practices that have been used to treat high calcium soils include site selection and soil mapping, species and stock type selection, fertilization, and soil acidification. Cultural practices, including irrigation, mulching, deep ripping, organic matter amendments, and mycorrhizal treatments, have been used to lessen the adverse affects of high calcium soils.     

元宝槭幼树施肥研究 Ⅱ .对叶内黄酮、绿原酸及养分的影响

测定9个不同施肥处理下元宝槭叶内黄酮类化合物、绿原酸和N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn和B的含量与积累量,通过主成分分析影响黄酮类化合物、绿原酸含量的因子。研究结果表明：N0P250K75和N0P125K37.5处理下元宝槭的黄酮类化合物、绿原酸积累量比对照增加1～1．5倍,是叶用原料林的最佳施肥配方;施肥处理下营养元素的含量与积累量呈正相关,但黄酮类化合物、绿原酸含量与积累量并不呈正相关;“光合与氮素代谢促进”因子和“酶促反应促进”因子是影响黄酮类化合物和绿原酸含量的两个最主要的成分,其变异积累贡献率在87％以上,且以P、Cu、Mg的负荷量最大,可通过调节叶内营养元素的含量对黄酮类化合物和绿原酸的含量进行调控。     

Clearcutting Brazilian caatinga: assessment of a traditional forest grazing management practice

Clearcutting is a common practice for removing woody vegetation in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. The prevalent belief is that clearing increases carrying capacity for livestock by increasing herbaceous vegetation, yet little empirical evidence exists to support or refute the contention. We investigated the implications to small ruminant nutrition of clearcutting in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. We found that biomass of herbaceous species increased sixfold following cutting of trees, but much of this increase was in the form of poorly palatable stem. The large supply of leaf litter from woody species that was typical of uncleared areas during the dry season was replaced by persistent green foliage on coppicing trees the year following clearing. This green foliage may enhance the nutritional quality of the diets of sheep and goats foraging on cleared areas during the dry season.     

稳态营养与Pt菌根化在湿地松育苗中的应用

在苗圃地培育湿地松苗木 ,分别进行 4种处理 :①稳态营养 Pt菌剂 ;②不施肥 Pt菌剂 ;③稳态营养 松林土 ;④常规施肥 松林土。生长季末测定苗木的高度和地径。测定各小区标准木的叶、茎、根鲜重及干重 ,侧根条数和总长。按“十分法”目测吸收根外生菌根感染率。观测结果表明 ,湿地松苗木形成外生菌根的能力较强 ,无论是人工接种还是天然感染 ,菌根感染率均超过 85 % ,其中稳态营养下 ,人工接种Pt菌剂感染率最高 ,可达94 8%。稳态营养人工接种Pt菌剂处理的苗木生长最佳 ;稳态营养下松林土处理的苗木其次 ;人工接种Pt菌剂但不施肥处理的苗木再次 ;常规施肥 松林土处理最差。如稳态营养人工接种Pt菌剂处理与人工接种Pt菌剂但不施肥处理相比较 ,苗木的株高、地径分别提高 2 0 5 %、14 0 % ;侧根条数及总长分别提高 2 5 6 %、4 0 9% ;叶、茎、根、整株鲜重分别提高 34 6 %、4 3 7%、38 8%、37 0 % ;各部分干重分别提高 2 5 7%、38 6 %、4 2 4 %、32 7%。稳态营养人工接种Pt菌剂处理与常规施肥松林土处理相比较 ,各项指标的差异更加明显。充分体现了稳态营养与Pt菌根化的综合效应 ,同时说明稳态营养条件下 ,靠松林土感染真菌形成菌根也能获得较好的生长结果。但是 ,仅靠人工接种优良菌剂 ,不科学     

橡胶树黄叶病的防治及经济效益

1996年景洪农场九分场大面积橡胶黄叶病是由于橡胶树严重缺钾和镁元素过高所致。经1998～1999年的对症土壤施肥，改善了胶树营养平衡，7个生产队的病区从平均占植胶面积的50.6%降至6.4%，干胶产量明显高于对照，成功地防治了橡胶黄叶病。     

景洪橡胶分公司2005年橡胶树和胶园土壤营养分析

对景洪橡胶分公司橡胶树叶片和胶园土壤的营养分析结果:橡胶叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均值和各元素之间比值均在正常指标范围;土壤样品总体表现速效P明显偏低,而速效K大幅度增高。与1998年资料相比,2005年资料表明胶园橡胶叶和土壤营养水平虽有显著提高,但仍表现出严重的不均衡性:土壤有机质和全N有明显下降趋势,虽然叶样表现的各营养元素缺素症数量比1998年低,但从叶样的分布可以看出仍有1 918.9hm2(占全部胶树的16.9%)胶树叶片缺N;3744.2hm2(占32.9%)胶树缺P;1 544.5hm2(占13.6%)胶树缺K;140.4hm2(占1.2%)胶树缺Ca。需要在营养诊断基础上对症施肥、配方施肥,进一步提高胶园营养水平。     

毛竹林养分动态与产量关系的研究

毛竹林４年定位（定点、定株、定时）的试验研究表明，竹叶、竹根和根间土的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ浓度均存在季节、年度的变化，并与竹林生长特点和产量有密切关系。叶和根中的养分随其年龄增加而减少，叶龄相同者养分浓度基本相似。孕笋期土壤和竹叶中磷的作用大于氮，出笋期土壤水解氮的含量与出笋、成竹数的关系密切。从而，为营养诊断和合理施肥提供了基础理论依据。