气候变化对临沂冬小麦主要生育期的影响及适播期研究

为了研究气候变化对临沂市冬小麦生产的影响,确定合理播期和适宜的田间管理措施。利用2001—2021年临沂市气象资料和农业农村部门苗情调查数据,同时参考1962—2000年临沂市历史天气数据,采用线性趋势性预测对小麦生育期温度、积温以及主要生育期日期和持续时间进行变化规律分析。结果表明:临沂市冬小麦适播期和各生育期均对气候变化发生了不同的响应,适播期为10月8—19日,最佳播期为10月11—14日;分蘖期出现反复降温频率变高,促进了小麦冬前抗寒锻炼,利于形成壮苗;冬前积温增多和越冬期延迟,间接推迟了适播期,为上一季玉米晚收创造了条件;返青大幅提前和返青后积温显著增加,大幅缩短了小麦停止生长和越冬时间,增加了冬小麦实际生长时间,有利于冬小麦苗情转化;拔节期大幅提前,使小麦更容易遭受晚霜冻(冷)害和倒春寒;4月和5月温度下降为小麦抽穗、扬花、灌浆提供了更好的气候条件,特别是5月温度下降既减少了干热风的发生机率又利于小麦后期灌浆。确定了临沂市冬小麦适播期,为小麦全生育期田间管理和高产栽培提供了依据。     

Chemical changes of kenaf core binderless boards during hot pressing (I): influence of the pressing temperature condition

Self-bonding is the main factor of the performance expression of binderless boards, and therefore its clarification is considered to be an important issue. For this purpose, a series of chemical analyses were conducted on kenaf core binderless boards and their chemical changes during the hot-pressing process are discussed in this article. First of all, binderless boards were prepared from kenaf core powder at different pressing temperatures (without steam-explosion process) and were used for chemical analyses after they were reduced into powders and extracted with methanol. To investigate their chemical changes, lignin, holocellulose, and neutral sugar contents were determined, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded, and the nitrobenzene oxidation procedure was applied. As a result, it was found that parts of lignin and hemicelullose were decomposed during the hot-pressing process; however, the contribution of the resulting fractions to selfbonding was not observed. In addition, progress of condensation reactions in lignin and the formation of chemical bonds by low molecular weight conjugated carbonyl compounds in methanol extractives were observed. Thermal softening of lignin is also suggested to play an important role in the expression of board performance.     

菜田土壤养分空间变异特征

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法,对55 hm2菜田耕层土壤养分空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明,土壤养分主要限制因子是N、P、K和Zn,不同土壤养分的变异情况各不相同。土壤养分速效含量一般呈斑块状分布;土壤NO3--N、P、K和Zn含量在空间分布上具有明显的空间相似性。土壤NO3--N、P、K含量分别与种菜历史及肥料用量(N、P2O5和K2O)之间均呈极显著的正相关。     

略论气为生命之本

中国古代哲学关于气的学说深刻地影响着中医学对生命、健康、疾病和死亡的认识。笔者提出气为生命之本：其一,气是生命物质,是构成生命的本原,同时化生新的生命物质;其二,气是生命功能,是生命化生和持续的动力。气的种类繁多,有元气、宗气、营卫之气、大气、水谷之气等正气,也有浊气为代表的病态之气。其中,元气、宗气、营卫之气等四气在化生和维持机体生命中的作用最重要。笔者基于四气的概念、本质和功能进一步阐释：气为生命之本,气的盛衰有无决定了人体的生、长、壮、老、已整个生命过程。     

河南省小麦肉鸡代谢能预测方程的建立

本试验采用化学分析和肉鸡代谢试验建立了河南省小麦养分含量与代谢能的回归方程。试验1:选取河南省11种不同的成熟小麦,测定概略养分含量和容重,分析养分含量变化范围。试验2:用小麦、次粉、麸皮、面粉按照总戊聚糖含量梯度配制人工小麦,再添加一定量的维生素和矿物质,配制成人工小麦代谢饲粮。选取常规饲养的商品代罗斯308雄性白羽肉鸡进行代谢试验,分别在11~13日龄和25~27日龄,用全收粪法测定人工小麦代谢饲粮的表观代谢能(AME)、真代谢能(TME)、氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)和氮校正真代谢能(TMEn),并采用逐步回归法建立AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn的回归方程。结果表明:1)河南省小麦粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及总磷(TP)含量的变异系数相对较大,分别为16.67%、15.84%、14.96%、19.32%。2)肉鸡对人工小麦代谢饲粮的养分表观代谢率在11~13日龄和25~27日龄存在差异,25~27日龄肉鸡对人工小麦代谢饲粮ADF、粗纤维(CF)的表观代谢率高于11~13日龄,AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn也高于11~13日龄。3)采用逐步回归法建立河南省小麦肉鸡代谢能的预测方程为:11~13日龄,AME=14.628-0.184NDF(R2=0.842,P<0.01),TME=15.49-0.197NDF(R2=0.854,P<0.01),AMEn=14.571-0.184NDF(R2=0.847,P<0.01),TMEn=15.49-0.197NDF(R2=0.854,P<0.01);25~27日龄,AME=15.462-0.217NDF(R2=0.797,P<0.01),TME=16.124-0.214NDF(R2=0.809,P<0.01),AMEn=15.179-0.208NDF(R2=0.801,P<0.01),TMEn=16.123-0.214NDF(R2=0.809,P<0.01)。4)通过预测方程计算所得人工小麦代谢饲粮AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn的预测值与实测值很接近,计算所得的河南省小麦AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn符合预期值。由此得出,不同品种河南省小麦之间EE、NDF、ADF及TP的含量差异相对较大;不同日龄阶段的肉鸡对小麦代谢能存在差异,设计肉鸡饲粮配方时,不同阶段饲粮代谢能应采用对应的代谢能值;低于14日龄的肉鸡,预测方程为AME=14.628-0.184NDF,TME=15.49-0.197NDF,AMEn=14.571-0.184NDF,TMEn=15.49-0.197NDF;14日龄以上的肉鸡,预测方程为AME=15.462-0.217NDF,TME=16.124-0.214NDF,AMEn=15.179-0.208NDF,TMEn=16.123-0.214NDF。     

水肥调控对二月兰和后茬花生养分累积及土壤肥力的影响

摘 要：田间试验条件下，研究不同水肥处理对二月兰生长，及其翻压后后茬花生产量和养分累积的变化。结果表明，灌溉和施肥可显著促进二月兰生长。在绿肥季，不论施肥与否，灌溉处理均可显著提高二月兰的生物量和N、P、K养分含量， NPW（绿肥季施氮磷肥和灌溉）和CKW处理（绿肥季不施肥，只进行灌溉处理）的二月兰生物量和N、P、K养分含量分别比相应的未灌溉处理提高了66.47%和63.97%、76.95%和32.36%、88.31%和9.80%、21.71%和15.56%。二月兰翻压的养分还田量为91.04～260.23 kg/hm2，约占花生季化肥总养分的27.59%～78.86%。与冬闲处理（CF）相比，不同施肥和灌溉处理的绿肥翻压均促进了花生产量和养分累积，及土壤养分含量的提高，其中以EN处理的提升效果最明显。周年等养分条件下，花生季35.00%氮和/或42.86%磷肥料前移至绿肥季，可明显促进绿肥养分还田量的增加，后茬花生产量不同程度增加（增幅22.82%～41.18%）。综上，在适量灌溉和施肥条件下，二月兰生物量明显增加，进而促进后茬花生产量增加及养分累积。研究结果可为我国绿肥农田应用及化肥减施提供数据支撑和实践依据。     

Conservation policies and planning under climate change

Biodiversity conservation policies focus on securing the survival of species and habitats according to their current distribution. This basic premise may be inappropriate for halting biodiversity decline under the dynamic changes caused by climate change. This study explores a dynamic spatial conservation prioritization problem where climate change gradually changes the future habitat suitability of a site’ current species. This has implications for survival probability, as well as for species that potentially immigrate to the site. The problem is explored using a set of heuristics for both of two policy objectives focusing on (1) the protection on current (native) species, and (2) all species, including immigrating species. The trade-offs between the protection of native species versus all species is illustrated. The study shows that the development of prediction models of future species distributions as the basis of decision rules can be crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of conservation plans. Finally, it is discussed how more adaptive strategies, that allow for the redirection of resources from protected sites to privately-owned sites, may increase the effectiveness of the conservation networks. Climate change induced shifts in the suitability of habitats for species may increase the value of such adaptive strategies, the benefit decreasing with increasing migration probabilities and species distribution dynamics.     

Analysis of amino acid uptake and translocation in Arabidopsis with a low‐cost hydroponic system

In soils, amino acids may be an important source of nitrogen for plants, at least in those where organic matter is not quickly degraded. The physiology of uptake of amino acids by roots was mainly studied in the 70's and 80's, before genes encoding amino acid importers were cloned in the 90's. While two families of amino acid transporters have been identified, yielding a total of about 100 genes, the role of each member is yet to be elucidated. As a tool for studying the role of amino acid transporters from Arabidopsis we set up a new hydroponic system suitable for radioisotope use. This system enables reproducible amino acid uptake by roots and estimation of the transport to the shoots of the amino acid taken up. We show that the rates of glutamine (Gln) uptake by wild‐type roots and transfer to the shoots were linear, and that other tested amino acids were translocated to the shoots with lower efficiency than Gln. A T‐DNA insertion mutant for a Gln exporter was compared to the wild‐type plants. Gln uptake and transfer were similar in both genotypes, showing that the suppression of the exporter did not affect uptake or transfer of amino acids to the shoots. The main advantage of the hydroponic system presented here is that all the materials used to grow Arabidopsis are virtually free and can therefore be discarded, a useful feature when working with radioactivity.     

中药复方制剂对大鼠耐缺氧作用的研究

对大鼠进行不同中药复方的常压耐缺氧效果实验。结果表明:各中药复方和枸杞子均能显著延长大鼠常压缺氧存活时间(P<0.05),其中复方3作用效果最明显(p<0.01)。复方3在提高大鼠缺氧存活时间的同时又能降低血液红细胞和Hb增加率,升高缺氧大鼠血液SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低血清MDA含量。透射电镜观察表明:各中药复方对缺氧心肌具有明显保护作用。提示各中药复方的耐缺氧作用机理之一可能是通过提高SOD、GSH-PX活性增强清除自由基而实现的。     

不同林龄刺槐林对冀东铁尾矿客土土壤养分含量的影响

本研究选择唐山迁安马兰庄铁尾矿人工造林的3年生、5年生和12年生的刺槐林为研究对象,以未造林空地为对照,通过测定不同林龄林下土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全磷、全钾、全氮含量,对比分析不同林龄刺槐对尾矿养分含量的影响,评价刺槐林对尾矿养分的改善效果。结果表明:(1)3个林龄地土壤pH差异不显著,均呈现弱酸性,土层越深,酸性越强。(2)不同林龄土壤有机质含量为:12年5年3年对照。(3)土壤全氮含量与有机质含量变化趋势相同,全磷、全钾含量变化为:3年5年12年对照;碱解氮含量变化与全氮含量变化相反,3年5年12年,且与对照相近或小于对照;而速效磷含量是对照空地最大,不同林龄未表现出明显的规律性;速效钾含量与全钾含量变化相同,对照3年5年12年。(4)不同林龄地养分含量普遍具有表聚性,随着土壤深度的增加呈现减少趋势。相关性分析结果表明,土壤深度对pH值、碱解氮和速效钾、有机质含量影响极显著或显著,而林龄仅对土壤全磷和速效磷含量有较显著影响(P0.01),对其他养分含量影响不显著。相比林龄,土壤深度对土壤酸碱性和养分含量的影响作用更大。