不同木屑颗粒度对工厂化压块香菇生长的影响

以香菇(Lentinula edodes)工厂化生产品种沪香F2为供试菌株,以香菇生产常用配方(78%木屑,20%麸皮,2%石膏)为基础培养料,以菌丝生长速度、子实体产量、单菇重、出菇期、生物学效率以及菇型等为筛选指标,考察不同木屑颗粒度配比对工厂化压块条件下香菇生产的影响。结果表明:颗粒度组合M3(K1∶1.5mm以下,K2∶1.5~3.0mm,K3∶3.0~8.0mm;K1∶K2∶K3=1∶1∶1)的菌丝生长速度最快[(5.2±0.8)mm/d],单菇重最大[(27.1±1.0)g],产量较高[(178.7±3.6)g],菇型好,第一潮菇生物转化率可达到40.8%,生产周期可控制在100d以内,适合于在工厂化条件下应用。     

An economically based evaluation index for perennial and short‐term ryegrasses in New Zealand dairy farm systems

Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs (Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs ($ ha^?1 calculated as change in operating profit divided by unit change of the trait) for additional DM produced in different seasons of the year in four regions. The EV of early spring DM was consistently high across all regions, whereas EV for late spring DM was moderate to low. Genotype × environment analysis revealed significant reranking of DM yield among ryegrass cultivars across regions. Hence, separate performance values (PVs) were calculated for two mega‐environments and then combined with the corresponding season and region EV to calculate the overall EV for twenty‐three perennial ryegrass and fifteen short‐term ryegrass cultivars. The difference in operating profit between the highest ranked and lowest ranked perennial ryegrass cultivar ranged from $556 ha^?1 to $863 ha^?1 year^?1 depending on region. For short‐term ryegrasses used for winter feed, the corresponding range was $394 to $478 ha^?1 year^?1. Using PV for DM yield, it was estimated that plant improvement in perennial ryegrass has added $12–$18 ha^?1 year^?1 (depending on region) operating profit on dairy farms since the mid‐1960s.     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

I,River?: New materialism,riparian non‐human agency and the scale of democratic reform

This article is a discussion of the “discourse on the unthinkable” surrounding potential future democratic engagements with rivers as non‐human persons or natural objects. In the context of the Asia–Pacific region, this article suggests that the developments in material philosophy entitled “new materialism” are essential tools in the reconceptualisation of rivers as democratic entities but that local socio‐historical conditions must also be taken into the account. In order to make its case, the article not only surveys the context for considering rivers as non‐human persons in a juridical context but also discusses the new material context that assists modern democracies in the renegotiation of the demos that forms the body politic of democracy – often in the face of neoliberal exploitation and a legacy of extremes in instrumentalism. The article argues that the incorporation of water in the democratic project of enfranchisement is an essential exercise born of many Western beliefs and ideals but articulated uniquely at a regional and national level.     

早熟金柑新品种‘金秋早’

早熟金柑新品种‘金秋早’是从福建省尤溪县‘尤溪金柑’园中优良实生单株选育而成。生长健壮。果实近球形,果皮橙黄至橙红色,单果质量17~26 g,皮肉脆嫩化渣,酸甜可口,风味浓。果汁可溶性固形物含量13%,总酸0.8%,总糖9%,维生素C 394 mg·L~(-1)。每果种子数5~7个。成熟期在11月上旬,比‘尤溪金柑’早15~20 d。适宜在福建省尤溪金柑适栽区种植。     

番茄新品种‘辽粉2号’

番茄新品种‘辽粉2号’为无限生长类型一代杂种。生长势强,抗黄化曲叶病毒病、烟草花叶病毒病、叶霉病、根结线虫病等。果实扁圆形,粉红色,有绿肩,平均单果质量142 g。可溶性固形物含量4.7%。产量高,留3穗果平均产量可达109.1 t·hm~(-2)。果实口感好,硬度中等,耐贮运性好。     

板栗新品种‘燕秋’

‘燕秋’是在河北省青龙县板栗实生资源调查中选出的优良新品种。具有耐短截、丰产、优质等优良特性。9月上旬成熟。坚果整齐度高,单果质量8.3 g,红褐色,油亮,绒毛稀疏,底座中;果肉乳黄色,炒食香、甜、糯俱佳,适宜糖炒。单株产量达8.1 kg,折合产量4 028.3 kg·hm~(-2)。适宜在燕山板栗主栽区的山地、丘陵栽培。授粉树配置以‘燕山早丰’、‘燕龙’、‘燕奎’为宜。     

非洲菊新品种‘红袍’

‘红袍’是由母本‘罗丽娜’和父本‘爱国者’经杂交选育而成的标准型切花非洲菊新品种。花序正面紫红色,花心黑色,半重瓣,花序直径11~13 cm,花梗长52~69 cm,花梗硬朗。温室栽培单株年产切花22~26枝,耐储运,瓶插期12~13 d。     

辣椒新品种‘苏椒25号’

‘苏椒25号’为早熟辣椒杂交一代新品种。果实长灯笼形,纵径13.5 cm,果肩横径4.5 cm,果肉厚度0.30 cm,单果质量62.1 g,果面微皱有光泽,青果绿色,成熟果红色,味微辣,鲜果维生素C含量1.15 mg·g~(-1),产量为41.0 t·hm~(-2)左右。适合在江淮、黄淮流域保护地栽培。     

星花玉兰新品种‘粉荷’

‘粉荷’星花玉兰,成蕾早,花蕾产量高。花期2月中旬至3月下旬,花瓣形如荷花,色泽艳丽,花量大,抗性强,病害少,易管理,观赏价值高。