有效微生物的研究及其应用

介绍了有效微生物的组成、特点、应用及其对家畜的作用机理．     

覆土层有益微生物对双孢蘑菇子实体形成的影响

在无菌覆土层中分别加入对蘑菇丝体生长有益的微生物菌悬液,该覆土层中能形成子实体,但产量较常规未灭菌覆土中的少,形成的时间晚;在常规未灭菌覆土层中加入有益微生物悬浮液,对提高蘑菇产量效果不明显。     

益生菌制剂调控畜禽肠道健康与消化道微生物互作的免疫机制

益生菌制剂作为饲料添加剂,在维护畜禽机体肠道健康、菌群平衡以及营养生理方面发挥着极其重要的作用。一方面,益生菌制剂能够替代部分抗生素,为实现畜禽养殖过程中的"减抗"目标,开辟了一条优质、安全、绿色的道路;另一方面,益生菌制剂能够调控肠道生理结构和改善肠道屏障完整性,进而缓解畜禽养殖中的"亚健康"状况。本文围绕益生菌制剂的种类与作用,益生菌制剂对畜禽肠道免疫、应激、疾病的调控机制,益生菌制剂的发展前景进行阐述,为开发更多益生菌制剂的产品提供理论支撑。     

三峡大坝对香溪河底栖微生物群落结构和多样性的影响

为了研究三峡大坝修建后库区生态环境的变化,探究大坝修建对库区底泥细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,2013年夏季在香溪河回水区(河口、中游)与河流区(上游)依次选取6个采样点,通过构建16S r DNA基因克隆文库,分析底栖微生物群落结构和多样性的变化规律。结果表明,香溪河调查水域共检出细菌类群15门、87属。在门水平上,回水区和河流区的优势菌门均为变形菌门;在属水平上,回水区和河流区的优势菌属存在显著差异(P0.05),很可能是由于受长江回水和支流高岚河影响所致。芽孢杆菌属所占的比例,从回水区的河口处至中游处逐渐减少至河流区消失,结合芽孢杆菌属易生活在底泥深处的特性,很可能由于大坝的修建,香溪河的上游(即河流区)底泥冲刷至下游(即回水区)河段,被三峡大坝拦截而沉积下来,导致越靠近大坝处,芽孢杆菌属的含量越高。在底泥细菌群落多样性中,Simpson、Shannon和Margalef多样性指数空间分布总体上呈"中间高、两头低"的规律;3种多样性指数最高的采样点均出现在回水区,且回水区的多样性指数均高于河流区,很可能是因其还与旧州河、卜庄河以及周溪河这些支流的交汇,导致河流区底泥细菌群落多样性不稳定。三峡大坝对香溪河底栖微生物的群落结构和多样性产生了显著影响,而大坝修建导致库区回水区水深增加、流速降低、底层水温变化、泥沙沉积增加等因素是造成这种差异的可能原因。     

连作模式下甜菜土壤微生物研究进展

为揭示甜菜连作模式下的土壤微生物响应机制,本研究分析了甜菜连作下土壤微生物群落区系和根际微生态研究进展,初步探讨连作甜菜土壤微生物群落变化的演变规律,着重阐述土壤微生物与根际微生态在连作条件下的作用机制,并对未来的研究方向做出展望.指出连作条件下甜菜与微生物互作是一个复杂的过程,其受多重因素共同作用,与根际微生态环境密...     

Distribution of Microorganisms,Biomass ATP,and Enzyme Activities in Organic and Mineral Particles of a Long‐Term Wastewater Irrigated Soil

The aim of the study was to elucidate the spatial distribution of soil microorganisms and enyzme activities in a long‐term wastewater treated soil. Soil was sampled from a plough layer of the Ah horizon of a sandy Haplic Luvisol which was either (1) irrigated with municipal wastewater for almost 100 years, or (2) no more irrigated since 20 years, or (3) never received wastewater. The samples were fractionated by wet sieving to obtain seven size fractions of organic and mineral soil particles, and a separate silt+clay fraction. The individual soil samples contained between 1.2% (never irrigated) and 4.1% (long‐term irrigated) organic particles by weight, but these particles harboured up to 47.8% of the total soil carbon and 41.7% of nitrogen, and thus represented an important storage of energy and nutrient for microorganisms. In total, however, the highest C and N amounts were accumulated in the silt+clay fraction, whereas coarser mineral particles which dominanted by weight in the Haplic Luvisol were low in C and N. The highest numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi per gram of the individual soil fractions were found in organic particles of the long‐term irrigated soil. Less nutrient‐dependent oligotrophic bacteria were for the most part associated with the silt+clay fraction, irrespective of the soil treatment with wastewater. Similar to microbial counts, also the ATP content, as a measure of active microbial biomass, and the activities of β‐glucosidase, β‐acetylglucosaminidase, and proteinase were higher in the long‐term irrigated soil than in that which was never irrigated. In most cases slightly enhanced values of microbiological and biochemical parameters were still detectable 20 years after the wastewater irrigation was terminated. The values of the individual parameters decreased in all soil samples under testing in general gradually with decrease in size of the organic soil particles. In conclusion, the coarse soil organic particles > 5 mm and the silt+clay fraction < 0.05 mm represent the sites with the highest microbial inhabitance, ATP contents and enzyme activities in the Ah horizon of an Haplic Luvisol. Long‐term wastewater irrigation resulted in an increase of microbial counts, total biomass and soil enzyme activities.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> straw restricts <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalaris minor</Emphasis> growth: allelochemicals or soil resource manipulation?

Unharvested stubbles or harvested straw of rice (Oryza sativa L.) gets incorporated into soil and interferes with the seedling growth of crop plants. In this paper, we investigated whether rice straw, either through releasing allelochemicals and/or through manipulating soil properties, influences seedling growth of Phalaris minor Retz., a non-native weed largely restricted to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields. One hundred twenty grams of soil was amended with rice straw (0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 6 g/pot) and its effect on fresh shoot biomass of P. minor was examined. Any modification of rice straw phytotoxicity through the use of washed rice straw, activated charcoal, soil sterilization, or nitrogen fertilization was also studied. We carried out chemical and microbial analysis of soils to examine the role of soil properties in influencing P. minor growth. Incorporation of rice straw into soil suppressed the growth of P. minor through modifying soil properties. A dose-dependent increase in total phenolics was observed in soil amended with rice straw. Activated carbon or washing of rice straw, however, could not ameliorate the phytotoxic effects of rice straw. Our results provide initial evidence that rice straw restricts P. minor growth by manipulating soil chemical and microbiological properties. Authors contributions IJ conceived of and supervised the study, and wrote the paper; SK carried out the work.     

秸秆还田配伍腐秆剂对小麦生长发育和肥料利用率的影响

秸秆促腐还田作为秸秆综合利用的重要方式之一而备受关注,然而田间条件下秸秆配伍腐秆剂后的作用依然存在争议。通过在淮北平原布设田间试验,比较不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(F)、化肥+秸秆(SF)和化肥+秸秆+腐秆剂(SFD)对冬小麦生长发育状况、籽粒产量和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,与处理F相比,处理SFD小麦生长后期的群体茎蘖数、叶面积指数、地上部干重、穗粒数及其对化肥的生理效率显著增加9.5%、18.6%、13.3%、6.2%、27.1%、85.2%和41.5%(P0.05),籽粒产量亦有增加趋势(增幅为5.1%);而处理SFD与处理SF相比,除成穗数、氮肥吸收利用率和磷钾肥生理效率略有增加外,其余指标均有不同程度下降,降幅在0.3%~26.3%之间。从而可知,在淮北平原进行秸秆化肥配施还田能够有效促进当季作物的生长发育,改善氮肥的生理效率和提高产量,配伍腐秆剂不会提升秸秆化肥配施还田的促生增效能力。     

作物轮作对谷田土壤理化性质及谷子根际土壤细菌群落的影响

采用谷子连作(Si-Si-Si)、马铃薯-玉米-谷子轮作(St-Zm-Si)、玉米-大豆-谷子轮作(Zm-Gm-Si)和大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作(Gm-St-Si)四种种植模式进行定位试验,研究轮作对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、谷子产量和根际细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,与连作相比,Gm-St-Si轮作模式下土壤的pH值升高,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性提高,谷子产量显著增加;利用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对谷子根际土壤细菌群落结构进行分析,发现三个轮作处理的OTU数目和多样性指数均高于连作,轮作与连作的细菌群落结构与组成存在明显差异,其中Gm-St-Si处理含有丰富的疣微菌门、酸杆菌门和浮霉菌门,高丰度菌包括Planctomyces、Gemmata、Flavisolibacter、Luteolibacter等。综上表明,大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作能改善谷田生态环境,提高土壤肥力,促进土壤微生物多样性,使谷子产量增加。     

基于公海换水的压载水微生物多样性分析

利用高通量测序技术分析了三艘公海交换压载水、一艘近岸交换压载水的远洋船舶微生物的群落组成,共检测出27门、61纲、138目、249科、481属、836种;黄海远岸的压载水样检测到的细菌种类最多,达到564种;东海远岸的压载水样细菌种类最少,只有406种。主要优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占主导地位。假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)为γ-变形菌纲中绝对优势属,分布于各海域压载水样中,同温度和营养盐有一定的正相关性,同盐度、p H有较强的负相关性;蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)是南海远岸交换的压载水样中检测出的优势门类,远高于其它海域压载水样,其所对应的原绿球藻属和浮霉状菌属同环境因子溶解氧(DO)有显著的正相关性,与温度、营养盐呈负相关性;Salinimicrobium是黄海远岸压载水样品独有优势属,与p H和溶解氧呈正相关性,与营养盐呈负相关性;不同海域海洋微生物及其海洋环境对压载水微生物的多样性起决定作用,压载舱独特的环境对压载水微生物有一定的选择作用。依据IMO准则结合本文研究,在公海交换压载水对压载水微生物群落组成结构有很大的影响,且对海洋环境的保护,防止生物入侵和致病菌传播具有重要的作用。