我校非测绘专业测量学课程教学改革

对我校测量学教学改革进行研究与探讨,指出非测绘专业测量学教学中存在的问题,并有针对性地提出了测量学教学改革的对策。     

Identification of QTLs Associated with Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv.Glycinea in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr)

Soybean bacterial spot disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv.Glycinea which is a bacterial disease seriously affects soybean yield.Ten soybean germplasms and recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population were used to identify the resistant trait after inoculated with P.sg (P.sgneau001) in this study.High-density genetic mapping was obtained by specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) of 149 RILs population which was derived from the crossing between Charleston and Dongnong594.The results indicated that 10 germplasm resources had four resistant germplasms included highly resistant cultivar Charleston,four susceptible varieties included Dongnong594 and two moderately resistant cultivars.Five quantitative trait locus (QTLs) were detected in RILs population by the composite interval mapping (CIM) method,and located on Linkage Group (LG) D1b (chromosome two),LG C2 (chromosome six) and LG H (chromosome 12),respectively.LOD scores ranged from 2.68 to 4.95 and the phenotypic variation percentage was from 6% to 11%.Six candidate genes were detected,according to the result of gene annotation information.Four of them had relationship with protein kinase activity,protein phosphorylation and leucine rich repeat (LRR) transmembrane protein,which had high expression after inoculated with P.sg by qRT-PCR.     

农村女性人口素质与未来人口素质的关系

妇女是人口再生产的主要承担者,当前我国城乡妇女生育状况表明,农村母亲对人口再生产的作用明显增强,城市母亲对人口再生产作用下降,而农村女性人口的素质状况堪忧.农村女性人口素质不仅关系到农村未来人口素质,而且关系到整个国家未来人口素质,提高农村女性人口素质十分迫切.提出目前提高农村女性人口素质的重点是:提高农村女性人口的文化水平,提高农村妇女家庭教育能力,引导农村妇女学习市场经济知识,确立与时代发展相适应的思想观念,提高农业科技水平.提高农村女性人口素质的途径是:政府、群团组织、事业单位各自发挥应有的作用;充分发挥各种媒体的作用,特别是发挥电视、网络、图书和报刊的作用.     

基于CiteSpace的土壤养分-蚯蚓研究的知识图谱分析

土壤是人类赖以生存和社会发展的重要基础资源,是自然生态系统中的重要组成部分。对土壤养分以及土壤生物的相关研究具有重要的理论基础意义,相关研究也越来越多,但缺少系统的文献梳理,对研究领域的发展趋势及热点演变特征认识不足。基于文献计量学软件CiteSpace及CNKI数据库的文献数据,对文献的发文量、作者群、发文机构、关键词及突现等进行聚类可视化分析。结果表明,从2001年开始发表以土壤养分与土壤动物相关关系为研究对象的论文,且发文量随时间推移每年均有所增加,至2016年该研究领域的论文发文量保持相对稳定。研究机构以高校为主,主要包括南京农业大学、中国科学院大学、中国农业大学和中国科学院南京土壤研究所等;近20年的土壤养分-蚯蚓研究中土壤质量和群落结构这2个关键词是2001—2021年最具有突发性的研究热点,从2020年开始对土壤健康的研究是一个新方向。     

长江流域生物资源及生态环境研究进展

以CNKI平台中的文献数据,利用文献计量学方法,对其文献的增长趋势及期刊分布进行分析,并基于作者和机构合作网络、关键词共现的聚类知识图谱及突变检测等方法,探究我国长江流域生物资源及生态环境主题的研究热点及其研究前沿。研究表明:研究文献总体上呈递增趋势,2016年开始呈现激增态势;作者、机构间的交流合作较少,作者间合作大部分局限在机构内部的研究者之间的合作,合作相对活跃的机构主要有长江科学院、长江流域水资源保护局及长江水利委员会等;其优势学科领域主要为环境科学、区域经济学、水利工程学、农业经济等。当前我国长江流域生物资源及生态环境的研究领域有5个方向:(1)开展长江经济带城市群生态环境评价与保护、城镇化与生态文明建设,以及绿色发展等研究;(2)开展长江三峡与三峡库区的生态环境监测与保护、森林资源养护、水土保持与流失、资源与生态补偿机制研究及其生态环境的可持续发展等研究;(3)开展长江流域自然保护区的生态环境保护与规划、生态保护红线及其生物资源养护与生物多样性保护等研究;(4)在长江大保护背景下,开展长江流域生态环境的保护与修复、流域综合治理,以及水生生物资源的合理开发利用的研究;(5)开展长江源区水电资源开发、水环境保护及其渔业生态环境保护等研究。为科学管理和保护长江流域的重要生物资源,提出建立基于科学设计的全流域生物资源和环境监测系统,建立全流域的生物资源及生态系统的生物数据模型,发展长江流域渔业资源养护与开发的风险评估决策系统,发展长江流域科学的渔业资源增殖放流技术体系,发展基于GIS的长江全流域的渔业资源与环境监测和管理决策信息服务系统等建议。     

Effect of transferring lignocellulose-degrading bacteria from termite to rumen fluid of sheep on in vitro gas production,fermentation parameters,microbial populations and enzyme activity

The digestive tract of termite(Microcerotermes diversus) contains a variety of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria with exocellulases enzyme activity, not found in the rumen, which could potentially improve fiber degradation in the rumen. The objectives of the current study were to determine the effect of inoculation of rumen fluid(RF) with three species of bacteria isolated from termite digestive tract, Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum intermedium, and Microbacterium paludicola, on in vitro gas production(IVGP), fermentation parameters, nutrient disappearance, microbial populations, and hydrolytic enzyme activities with fibrous wheat straw(WS) and date leaf(DL) as incubation substrate. Inoculation of RF with either of three termite bacteria increased(P0.05) ammonia-N concentration compared with the control group(free of termite gut bacteria). Termite bacteria inoculation had no effect(P0.05) on gas production characteristics, dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber disappearance, pH, and concentration and composition of volatile fatty acids. Population of proteolytic bacteria and protozoa, but not cellulolytic bacteria, were increased(P0.05) when RF was inoculated with termite bacteria with both WS and DL substrates. Inoculation of RF with termite bacteria increased protease activity, while activities of carboxymethyl-cellulase, microcrystalline-cellulase, α-amylase and filter paper degrading activity remained unchanged(P0.05). Overall, the results of this study indicated that transferring lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, isolated from digestive tract of termite, to rumen liquid increased protozoa and proteolytic bacteria population and consequently increased protease activity and ammonia-N concentration in vitro, however, no effect on fermentation and fiber degradation parameters were detected. These results suggest that the termite bacteria might be rapidly lysed by the rumen microbes before beneficial effects on the rumen fermentation process could occur.     

水稻蜡质稀少突变体wax1的鉴定及基因定位

【目的】 蜡质是植物表面的一种重要保护物质,筛选和鉴定水稻蜡质相关突变体有助于解析水稻蜡质形成的遗传机制。【方法】利用EMS诱变籼稻品种湘早籼6号,从突变体库中筛选出一个蜡质稀少的突变体wax1,考查突变体的形态特征和农艺性状,利用突变体与02428杂交的F₂群体定位目标基因,并通过荧光定量PCR分析相关基因的表达情况。【结果】与野生型相比,wax1突变体具有叶片短小皱褶、叶表面蜡质晶体减少、穗长变短等形态特征;在农艺性状方面,突变体的株高、每穗总粒数和千粒重显著降低,但有效穗数显著高于野生型;遗传分析表明,wax1的突变表型受一对隐性核基因控制,将WAX1基因定位在第10染色体上SSR标记RM5806与InDel标记P1之间,物理距离约为49.8 kb;定位区间内的测序结果表明,突变体中β-酮脂酰-CoA合酶的编码基因发生单碱基突变,导致催化活性中心的一个氨基酸发生改变。WAX1基因的突变显著提高了同源异型盒基因OSH6的表达,同时引起部分IAA基因的差异表达。【结论】WAX1基因突变引起叶表面蜡质晶体的减少,同时通过影响茎尖分生组织和生长素的信号转导引起植株生长发育等多方面的异常。     

Artificial Diet Influences Population Growth of the Root Maggot Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

In order to investigate the effects of artificial diets on the population growth of root maggot Bradysia impatiens, its population growth parameters were assayed on eight artificial diets (Diet 1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Results showed that developmental duration from egg to pupa was successfully completed on all eight artificial diets. However, the egg to pupal duration was shortest, while the survival rate of four insect stages was lowest when B. impatiens was reared on D1. When B. impatiens was reared on D7 and D8, the survival rate, female longevity, and female oviposition were higher than those reared on other diets. When B. impatiens was reared on D7, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m = 0.19/d), net reproductive rate (R₀ = 39.88 offspring per individual), and finite rate of increase (λ = 1.21/d) were higher for its population growth with shorter generation time (T = 19.49 d) and doubling time (Dt = 3.67 d). The findings indicate that the D7 artificial diet is more appropriate for the biological parameters of B. impatiens and can be used an indoor breeding food for population expansion as well as further research. We propose that vitamin C supplement added to the D7 is critical for the improvement of the B. impatiens growth.     

间作番茄对甘蓝生长及其主要害虫种群数量的影响

研究了甘蓝、番茄不同间作比例对甘蓝生长及主要害虫种群数量的影响,以期找到适宜的间作比例,为生产实践中进一步推广应用提供理论依据。试验结果表明,甘蓝与番茄间作模式,对甘蓝主要害虫菜青虫、小菜蛾、菜蚜等有一定的趋避效果,但6∶1的间作处理效果较差,4∶1、2∶1的间作处理效果良好,且差异不明显;2∶1的间作处理由于间作密度小,甘蓝受番茄生长的影响大,植株生长不良,6∶1的间作处理由于间作密度较大,甘蓝受虫害影响大,叶球虫孔数多,商品性差,4∶1的间作处理,植株生长良好,叶球饱满、质量大、商品性好。综合各项数据分析,4∶1的间作比例更合适。     

入侵害虫红棕象甲转移为害本土棕榈树的风险评估

为评估入侵害虫红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus对本土农林生态系统的风险,于2016—2019年采用受害植株调查和成虫诱捕的方法跟踪监测该虫在加拿利海枣Phoenix canariensis引种点及周边1 600 m半径范围内本土棕榈Trachycarpus fortune上的发生情况,并对来自野外加拿利海枣与棕榈上的成虫形态及繁殖力进行比较。结果显示,红棕象甲可随加拿利海枣引种定植而入侵当地生态系统,当其在加拿利海枣上暴发成灾后,还能转移到周边棕榈上继续为害,红棕象甲为害致死的棕榈植株数随着引种植物死亡数的增加而增加。野外加拿利海枣与棕榈上红棕象甲成虫的体重、体长以及按雌雄1∶1配对交配后的产卵量、孵化率相当,但棕榈种群雌虫的翅展较加拿利海枣种群明显变短,表明红棕象甲转移取食本土棕榈后可成功定殖、建立种群,且适合度并未降低。雌虫翅展变短可能与该入侵种表型可塑性有关,反映出其对棕榈的快速适应与进化,表现为"前适应"策略。考虑红棕象甲成虫飞行能力强,建议调高棕榈分布省份该虫的风险预警等级、调整防控策略,开展跟踪监测以了解入侵地实情。