拱棚双插架覆膜一体机的设计与试验

为适应部分地区蔬菜水果拱棚种植模式,解决传统小拱棚手工搭建劳动强度大且效率低的问题,该研究设计了一款小拱棚单列双插架覆膜一体机,主要由自动进杆装置、双插架装置、覆膜装置及行进装置组成,设定插架间距与插架数量等工作参数,小拱棚单列双插架覆膜一体机实现自动进杆、双插架和覆膜一体化作业。以进杆成功率和进杆时间为衡量自动进杆作业指标,以拨轮半径、杆槽高度、顺杆板长度为试验因素,对进杆过程中的棚杆受力和运动状态进行分析和计算,确定试验因素的范围,并进行仿真试验确定最佳进杆装置结构参数。田间试验表明：小拱棚单列双插架覆膜一体机以最大速度1.2 km/h作业时,进杆成功率为94.1%,插架成功率为89.3%,拱棚覆膜率为100%,薄膜破损率为1.1%,平均插架间距为1 190 mm,平均插架宽度为1 050 mm,平均插架深度为200 mm,两侧插架深度平均偏差为30 mm,平均覆土厚度为80 m。小拱棚单列双插架覆膜一体机可实现小拱棚搭建的机械化和自动化作业,满足小拱棚插架覆膜要求。     

高温干旱复合胁迫对构树幼苗抗氧化酶活性和活性氧代谢的影响

目的研究马铃薯的耐热机制,为耐热和不耐热的马铃薯品种筛选做参考。方法测量高温胁迫下云南本地3个不同熟期马铃薯品种[云薯 901(早熟)、云薯 305(中晚熟)、合作 88(晚熟)]的表型、部分生理指标和保护酶含量。结果高温胁迫对马铃薯幼苗的生长表型、SOD活性、POD活性和MDA含量都有影响。云薯 901的生长表型优于其他品种;在37 ℃条件下,云薯 901的SOD活性随胁迫时间的延长总体呈下降趋势,而其他品种总体均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;在30 ℃条件下,云薯 901的POD活性随着胁迫时间的延长总体呈下降趋势,而其他品种总体呈升高的趋势;在23和30 ℃条件下,云薯 901的MDA含量在第5天时明显减少,而其他品种并无该现象。这些结果说明早熟品种云薯 901的耐热表现优于其他熟期较晚的品种。结论持续的高温胁迫影响马铃薯幼苗的生长表型、抗氧化酶活性和膜质,且熟期较晚的品种受到的影响较大,熟期可能是筛选耐热性马铃薯品种的因素之一。     

Estimating “autotrophic” belowground respiration in spruce and beech forests: decreases following girdling

Seasonal fluxes of CO₂ from soil and the contribution of autotrophic (root + mycorrhizal) to total soil respiration (SR) were estimated for a mixed stand of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Central Europe. Mature trees of each species were girdled in August 2002 to eliminate carbohydrate allocation to roots. SR was measured at distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5/2.0 m from the bole of each tree at 1–2 weeks intervals throughout the fall of 2002 and monthly during the spring and summer of 2003. The contribution of roots and mycorrhizae to total SR was estimated by the decrease in SR compared to ungirdled control trees to account for seasonal patterns evident in controls. SR decreased with soil temperature in the fall 2002 and increased again in 2003 as soil warmed. During most of the study period, SR was strongly related to soil temperature. During the dry summer of 2003, however, SR appeared to be uncoupled from temperature and was strongly related to soil water content (SWC). Mean rates of SR in beech and spruce control plots as well as root densities did not show a clear pattern with distance from the bole. SR decreased to levels below controls in beech within a few days after girdling, whereas spruce did not show a significant decrease until October 2002, 6 weeks after girdling. In both beech and spruce, decreased SR in response to girdling was greatest closest to the bole, possibly reflecting increased mycorrhizal activity close to the bole. Autotrophic respiration was estimated in beech to be as much as 50% of the total SR in the stand. The contribution of autotrophic respiration was less certain for spruce, although close to the bole, the autotrophic fraction may contribute to total SR as much as in beech. The large fraction of autotrophic respiration in total SR requires better understanding of tree level stresses that affect carbon allocation below ground.     

热风干燥温度对脱水白萝卜品质的影响

以"长春大根"白萝卜品种为试材,采用50、60、70、80、90、100℃的热风干燥处理1 cm×1 cm×10 cm的白萝卜条,研究热风干燥温度对脱水白萝卜品质的影响。结果表明,干燥温度为70℃时,脱水速率较快,脱水白萝卜色泽较白,感官品质、食用品质和复水性均较好,VC保留率较高。其次,干燥温度60℃时,脱水速率较慢,形态轻微变形、皱缩,食用品质略差。干燥温度低至50℃时,VC的保留率有所提高,但干燥时间延长,感官及食用品质均有所下降。干燥温度超过80℃后,干燥时间未显著缩短,脱水白萝卜褐变加重,感官品质、食用品质和复水性均变差,VC损失增加。     

南京城市化对极端气温的影响

为了科学认识城市化对极端气温的影响,利用南京地区3个城区气象站和3个周边乡村站1961—2005年日最高、最低气温资料,对比分析城市站和乡村站17个极端气温指数的平均值和变化趋势,并定量估算极端气温变化趋势的城市化影响及贡献。结果表明:近45年南京地区暖事件均为增加趋势,而冷事件多为减少趋势,最高气温、最低气温的平均值和极值均为上升趋势。城市站与乡村站相比,暖事件更多,冷事件更少,最高气温、最低气温的平均值和极值更大。城市化对极端气温变化趋势的影响有两大特点:城市化加速了极端气温指数的变化速率,使得暖事件、平均值、极值的上升趋势和冷事件的下降趋势变得更大;基于最低气温的极端气温指数变化趋势比基于最高气温的极端气温指数受城市化影响更显著。城市化贡献表现为:暖事件大于冷事件,最低气温极值和平均值大于相应的最高气温极值和平均值。     

沙棘木蠹蛾蛹的发育起点温度和有效积温研究

通过室外变温和室内恒温 2种不同的方法对沙棘木蠹蛾蛹的有效积温和发育起点温度进行了测定 ,结果表明 :变温条件下蛹的发育起点温度为 15.4 81°C,有效积温为 2 0 2 .356± 13.0 57日度 ;恒温条件下蛹的发育起点温度为 12 .0 55°C,有效积温为 2 95.2 0 3± 4 .0 94日度。蛹发育的最适温度为 2 1°C     

西部某山体滑坡机理及应急治理措施

分析了西部某县城山体滑坡的成因,针对该成因进行治理为例,介绍应急处理的成功经验,供相似工程的山体滑坡治理参考。     

闽侯县孔源村2005/2006年度冬季低温考察和适地果树树种的选择

据对闽侯县孔源村2005/2006年度冬季低温考察资料分析,对于相对高差为60m的小山坡,晴天最低气温随高度的增加而增加,越近坡顶,最低气温越高;对相对高差为86m的小山坡,在相对坡位为0.86的山坡中上部,晴天最低气温常出现最高,逆温最明显。孔源村四周被群山环抱,仅西南面有一狭小的出口,冷空气易进难出,最低气温偏低。山坡地逆温仅体现同一山坡不同坡位之间最低气温的差别,尽管所考察的两个山坡最大的逆温差达到2.6℃,但所考察的14个点最低气温都比闽侯县气象局低,故在果树建园选择园址时,不要过分夸大坡地逆温的作用。据考察的资料分析,孔源村可选下部较开阔、坡位为0.6-1、海拔约140-180m处适当种植橄榄树;山坡的下部和坡底海拔高度低于80m的山间垄田洼地可种植宽皮桔,其它坡位以种植甜橙为好。     

Dormancy Characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ and Effects of Spraying 6-benzyladenine on Its Germination and Flowering in Long-day Treatment

[Objective] The dormancy characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were studied, and 6-BA was used to break the dormancy, with the aim to achieve the purpose of flowering in autumn. [Method] The new shoots of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were conducted with hydroponics to investigate their dormancy time. And cytokinin 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)was used to treat the dormant shoots, to investigate the budding, flowering and flower bud differentiation. [Result] The shoots in long-day treatment entered endodormancy after August 7~(th) and the shoots in the natural daylight entered endodormancy before July 18~(th). In long-day treatment, 116 buds, 198 flowers were observed after 6-BA spraying. [Conclusion] The optimum concentration of 6-BA was 300 mg/L. And the flower bud differentiation of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment was faster than those in natural daylight after 6-BA spraying.     

土壤处理对西洋参根际线虫数量动态的影响及对防治茎线虫根腐病的效果

 Root rot of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) caused by Ditylenchus destructor is a novel disease found recently in Beijing area. The effects of three soil treatments (fumigating with chloropicrin, chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure and nematicide fosthiazate) on the number of rhizospheric nematodes, survived plants, root yield and root rot of 3-year ginseng plant were compared. The effects were also investigated at the second year after treatment. The results indicated that the number of parasitic nematodes in rhizosphere of treated soil reached the peak value in late June to early July as the soil temperature raised in the growing season. Compared with the regular treatment, the number of plant parasitic nematodes was reduced while non-plant parasitic nematodes increased. The number of non-plant parasitic nematodes in the soil treated with chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure was 2 times than that treated with chloropicrin only. The ratio of non-parasitic to parasitic nematodes of three treatments was higher than the control. Percent of survived plants was 94.8%-96.4% and diseased root was decreased obviously. The control efficacy was more than 89% at the first year after treatment. The survived plants and plot yield of ginseng increased significantly and the control efficacy was around 40% at the second year. The best of the three treatments was by chloropicrin + organic manure.