Faecal shedding detected earlier than immune responses in goats naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Paratuberculosis was diagnosed in a goat herd that participated in a sanitation program against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The aim of this study was to characterise the development of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and antibody responses as well as the occurrence of faecal shedding. Faecal culture appeared surprisingly sensitive as about 18% and 40% of the goats were positive at 9 and 15-17 months of age, respectively, and shedding was often seen prior to peripheral immune responses. Peripheral IFN-γ responses were not related to protection as clinical and high shedding goats often had high responses. An IFN-γ response usually preceded a humoral response. However, positive antibody titers could sometimes be seen simultaneously with, and even prior to, IFN-γ responses. In conclusion, faecal culture appeared as sensitive as IFN-γ testing. Furthermore, the antibody ELISA and the IFN-γ assay may perform equally well in an infected herd if surveillance is conducted annually.     

稻渔综合种养的科学范式

探讨不同养殖模式下金背鲤 (Cyprinus carpio var. Jinbei) 肠道菌群和鱼肉风味品质差异,对金背鲤的繁殖优化具有重要意义。采用高通量测序技术对稻田放养和池塘养殖模式下金背鲤的肠道微生物进行测序,利用液相色谱和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用 (HS-SPME-GC-IMS) 技术测定其滋味物质、挥发性风味化合物,结合感觉阈值计算滋味活性值和相对气味活度值。结果显示：两种养殖模式的金背鲤肠道细菌群落结构差异显著,稻田放养 (FGF) 组以弧菌 (Vibrio)、拟杆菌 (Bacteroides)、交替单胞菌 (Alteromonadales)、希瓦氏菌 (Shewanella)、嗜冷假单胞菌 (Pseudomonas psychrophile) 和Brevinema属为主,池塘养殖 (FGP) 组以莫拉克斯氏菌 (Moraxella) 和克雷伯菌属 (Klebsiella) 为主;FGF组中鲜味肌苷酸含量及其滋味活性值 (1.676 g·kg⁻¹, 6.705) 远高于FGP组 (0.246 g·kg⁻¹, 0.985),FGF组鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸含量 (0.143和2.052 g·kg⁻¹) 高于FGP组 (0.109和2.001 g·kg⁻¹),而其苦味氨基酸 (3.193 g·kg⁻¹) 却低于FGP组 (3.836 g·kg⁻¹);金背鲤的挥发性化合物组分复杂,其关键气味化合物 (ROAV≥1) 和对整体风味有修饰作用的化合物 (0.1≤ROAV<1) 的种类存在差异。菌属与风味物质的相关性分析显示弧菌属、拟杆菌属、克雷伯菌属和摩根菌属 (Morganella) 与风味物质呈显著相关 (0.01≤P<0.05 & 0.001≤P<0.01 & P<0.001)。研究表明,养殖模式影响了金背鲤的肠道微生物,并间接影响了其风味品质。     

茉莉酸甲酯对葡萄植株不定根发育的影响

利用不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）对葡萄组培植株进行处理,进而分析其生理及基因表达变化,结果表明MeJA能抑制植株不定根的分化和伸长,诱导根、茎、叶组织中的脱落酸（ABA）含量升高,但降低赤霉素（GA）、生长素（IAA）和细胞分裂素（ZR）的含量,且影响叶片中叶绿素代谢导致褪绿黄化。MeJA能诱导植物体内茉莉酸合成代谢基因表达进而提高内源茉莉酸的含量,诱导ABA合成代谢和信号路径中的基因表达,但是会抑制生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、油菜素内酯合成代谢基因的表达,抑制了与根发育和延伸相关基因VvXET、VvEXPB2、VvEXPA7和VvWUS的表达,进而抑制不定根的发生,导致植物发育缓慢。因此,MeJA通过影响其他激素的合成代谢来调控它们在植物中的含量,导致内源激素不平衡影响植株发育,并调控植株根的发育状态,在不定根发育方面起负向调控作用。     

A three‐dimensional cell culture system as an in vitro canine mammary carcinoma model for the expression of connective tissue modulators

In this study, derived complex carcinoma (CC) and simple carcinoma (SC) cell lines were established and cultured under two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) conditions. The 3D was performed in six‐well AlgiMatrix? (LifeTechnologies®, Carlsbad, CA, USA) scaffolds, resulting in spheroids sized 50–125 µm for CC and 175–200 µm for SC. Cell viability was demonstrated up to 14 days for both models. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was expressed in CC and SC in both systems. However, higher mRNA and protein levels were observed in SC 2D and 3D systems when compared with CC (P < 0.005). The connective tissue modulators, metalloproteinases‐1, ‐2, ‐9 and ‐13 (MMPs), relaxin receptors 1 and 2 (RXR1 and RXR2) and E‐cadherin (CDH1) were quantitated. All were upregulated similarly when canine mammary tumour (CMT)‐derived cell lines were cultured under 3D AlgiMatrix, except CDH1 that was downregulated (P < 0.005). These results are promising towards the used of 3D system to increase a high throughput in vitro canine tumour model.     

HPLC-PDA法测定恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加乙酰甲喹、水杨酸

建立了高效液相色谱法测定恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加乙酰甲喹、水杨酸含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱,以0.025moL/L磷酸溶液-乙腈(85:15, v/v)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,二极管阵列检测器进行全扫描和232nm波长测定。结果表明乙酰甲喹在0.5～20μg/mL范围内线性良好,R²=1.000,回收率在98.21%～107.94%之间;水杨酸在1.0～50μg/mL范围内线性良好,R²=1.000,回收率在96.33%～100.84%之间;RSD在0.11%～3.44%之间。本方法准确、可靠、重现性好,可用于恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加乙酰甲喹、水杨酸的定性和定量检测。     

Simultaneous steroids measurement in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism using a column-switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method

We developed an analytical method using an on-line column-switching liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for quantifying multiple steroids in serum. Using the developed method, we evaluated the serum concentration of nine steroids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, 21-deoxycortisol, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17α-OH-progesterone and aldosterone) in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). Serum was mixed with stable isotope internal standards and thereafter purified by the automated column-switching system. The limit of detection ranged 2–16 pg/ml for nine steroids. In the baseline samples, five steroids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, and 17α-OH-progesterone) were detected in all dogs. The concentrations of cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, and 17α-OH-progesterone in dogs with HAC (n=19) were significantly higher those in dogs without HAC (n=15, P<0.02). After the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test, six steroids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone, and deoxycorticosterone) were above the limit of quantification in all dogs. Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, and deoxycorticosterone concentrations of dogs with HAC were significantly higher than those of dogs without HAC (P<0.02). In addition, 11-deoxycortisol and 17α-OH-progesterone concentration was higher in dogs with HAC than in dogs without HAC (P=0.044 and P=0.048, respectively). The on-line column-switching LC/MS/MS would be feasible for measuring multiple steroids in dog serum. The results suggest that cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, and 17α-OH-progesterone would be related to HAC. Further studies are warranted to assess the clinical feasibility of steroid profile in dogs with HAC.     

A novel screening method for rice allelopathic potential: the inhibitory‐circle method

Screening crop accessions for allelopathic activity is of paramount importance for crop allelopathy research. Previous bioassays often did not use a mixed culture of donor and target plants, did not use soil and were not conducted under natural conditions. In this study, we designed an inhibitory‐circle method in which a rice accession (donor plant) and Echinochloa crus‐galli (target plant) were cultured together in paddy soil under natural conditions. First, we determined that the highest allelopathic activity of allelopathic rice accession PI312777 was at the 5‐leaf stage, and the suitable distance of rice seedlings and E. crus‐galli was 12 cm apart. This method was then validated by a field test. A further 40 rice accessions were evaluated for allelopathic activity to E. crus‐galli using this method. Two rice accessions, PI312777 and Taichung Native 1, had highly allelopathic activity to E. crus‐galli (inhibitory rate > 50%), while another accession, Lemont, had non‐allelopathic activity. These experimental results were in accordance with previous studies using direct field experiments. The inhibitory‐circle method integrated three necessary conditions, that is donor and target plants grown together, with soil as the medium and under natural conditions for reliable results. The ‘inhibitory‐circle method’, which combined donor and target plants, soil medium and field conditions, can give reliable results in one step, compared with laboratory screening methods. Also, the ‘inhibitory‐circle method’ gave results in 30‐35 days, thereby substantially reducing the requirements for time, labour and cost.     

道路景观设计方法探讨

提出对道路景观的规划、调查、定位等系统分析,从而在道路的形态、周边环境的借景及路域生态系统的景观绿化等方面,探讨了道路景观设计的方法。     

气相色谱法测定苦参苍术口服液中三氯甲烷残留量

建立了苦参苍术口服液中三氯甲烷残留量的气相色谱检测方法,采用DB—FFAP毛细管柱,柱温为程序升温,氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）,检测器温度为250℃,进样口温度为220oC,载气为氮气。试验结果三氯甲烷在6．0464～120．928μg／mL浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0．99995）,加样回收实验平均回收率为98．01％（RSD=1．6％）。本方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可作为苦参苍术口服液中三氯甲烷残留量的检测方法。     

瓜类蔬菜组织培养与遗传转化研究进展

概述了瓜类蔬菜组织培养过程中的主要影响因素—基因型、外植体类型,部位与生理状态、培养基、生长调节物质、碳源及其他添加物质对植株再生的影响,以及根癌农杆菌介导的瓜类蔬菜遗传转化的影响因素与研究进展。