Land-cover and structural changes in a western Norwegian cultural landscape since 1865, based on an old cadastral map and a field survey

Many studies of land-cover and structural changes in cultural landscapes have used historical maps as a source for information about past land-cover. All transformations of historical maps onto modern coordinate systems are however burdened with difficulties when it comes to accuracy. We show that a detailed land survey of the present landscape may enable transformation of an old cadastral map directly onto the present terrain with very high accuracy. The detailed resulting map enabled us to locate remnants of semi-natural grasslands and man-made structures with continuity from 1865 and to test hypotheses about relationships between landscape changes and landscape characteristics. The main land-cover change 1865–2002 was decrease of arable fields, and addition of three new land-cover classes: horticultural, orchard and abandoned areas. Of the 330 man-made structures present in 1865, only 58 remained in 2002, while 63 new structures had been built after 1865. We found that semi-natural grasslands with continuity since 1865 were situated on ground with significantly lower production capacity than mean 1865 production capacity. The man-made structures with continuity since 1865 were also associated with areas with significantly lower production capacity than the 1865 mean, situated in significantly steeper terrain but not further from the hamlet. Our study illustrates the potential of digitised and accurately transformed historical cadastral maps combined with detailed field surveys for analysis of land-cover and structural changes in the cultural landscape.     

基于水经注探讨乌兰布和沙漠景观形成问题

根据北魏时期郦道元地理名著《水经注》中关于乌兰布和段黄河故道及其与黄河沿岸古城的位置关系,修正了有关现在黄河河道来源、沃野故城被黄河改道冲毁等论断,并从沙源与沙漠内涵、地表大面积流沙裸露堆积形成沙漠景观以及《水经注》中没有记录乌兰布和段沙漠景观等方面探讨了在乌兰布和沙漠景观的形成时间问题。     

Analysis of landscape pattern change trajectories within areas of intensive agricultural use: case study in a watershed of southern Québec, Canada

This study aimed at capturing the spatial variability of landscape patterns and their trajectories of change from 1950 to 2000 within a watershed, which is representative of areas of intensive agricultural use. After an analysis of landscape features changes for the entire watershed based on aerial photographs, hierarchical clustering analysis provided a typology of landscape patterns for the cadastral lots. Following that, the trajectory of change of each lot was characterized (nature, importance, direction, rate of change). Seven types of landscape patterns are distinguished by the relative importance of different classes of landscape features and 51 trajectories of change were identified for the lots. The analysis shows that although the majority of lots were subjected to a homogenization of their landscape patterns since 1950, this trend is not entirely uniform and that since 2000 it occurs alongside trends towards diversification of certain landscape features on some lots. Furthermore, nearly a third of the lots are not following the main trajectories of change detected. Thus, the results suggest that extrinsic forces (policies, technologies) that are directing main changes in areas of intensive agricultural use toward uniformity could be modulated by internal forces (uses and values of the population). A better understanding of theses internal forces seems crucial to manage landscapes. From a methodology standpoint, although the hierarchical clustering analyses appear useful for understanding the spatial and temporal variability of landscape patterns, particular attention must be given to validating the typology chosen to characterize them.     

淮安市土地利用景观格局变化及生态效应

以淮安市1988和2005年的遥感解译数据为基础,从景观多样性指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数3个方面定量分析了淮安市土地利用景观格局变化特征,并对其引起的生态系统服务价值变化进行了计算。结果表明,1988-2005年,淮安市土地利用景观多样性指数、均匀度指数总体呈现下降趋势,优势度指数总体呈现上升趋势,生态系统服务价值减少了44.87亿元,土地生态风险指数上升了0.013。     

Neutral models for testing landscape hypotheses

Neutral landscape models were originally developed to test the hypothesis that human-induced fragmentation produces patterns distinctly different from those associated with random processes. Other uses for neutral models have become apparent, including the development and testing of landscape metrics to characterize landscape pattern. Although metric development proved to be significant, the focus on metrics obscured the need for iterative hypothesis testing fundamental to the advancement of the discipline. We present here an example of an alternative neutral model and hypothesis designed to relate the process of landscape change to observed landscape patterns. The methods and program, QRULE, are described and options for statistical testing outlined. The results show that human fragmentation of landscapes results in a non-random association of land-cover types that can be describe by simple statistical methods. Options for additional landscape studies are discussed and access to QRULE described in the hope that these methods will be employed to advance our understanding of the processes that affect the structure and function in human dominated landscapes.     

乡村园林景观规划存在的问题及设计要求

总结了传统乡土园林的主要特点及景观范畴,分析了存在的问题,并提出设计要求,以期为乡村园林景观规划提供参考。     

北京市绿化隔离带近自然景观规划

文章运用近自然林业和景观生态学观点,对北京市绿化隔离带生态景观规划与建设中的系统布局、功能模式、经营模式等方面进行了探讨,期望为提高城市绿化隔离带的生态、经济和社会效益提供参考。       

赣北二化螟卵寄生蜂寄生率动态及其对景观结构的响应

为探索南方稻区二化螟卵寄生蜂生防功能、评估卵寄生蜂在田间寄生动态并探讨对不同景观结构的响应,本文采用对比盆栽稻株叶片载卵、离体新鲜稻叶载卵和滤纸卵卡比对二化螟卵寄生蜂寄生率差异;利用盆栽稻株叶片载卵调查卵寄生蜂在稻田中的寄生率季节动态变化;在5月初、7月初和9月初分别调查了在不同景观样点二化螟卵寄生蜂寄生率,对不同空间尺度下（0.2,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 km）景观变量与卵寄生率进行模型分析,评估不同景观变量对卵寄生率的影响。结果表明,三种诱集方法差异显著,盆栽稻株叶片载二化螟卵被寄生的比率最高,其次为离体新鲜稻叶,滤纸卵卡效果最差。田间寄生动态调查表明,早稻卵被寄生比率偏低,中稻寄生率较高,在7月中旬二化螟卵被寄生率达到高峰（66.7%）,8月下旬以后,晚稻寄生率逐步下降。对不同空间尺度下景观结构变量与卵寄生率分析表明,1.5 km尺度下的林地与二化螟卵寄生蜂有着密切关系。低于40%林地面积比例时,二化螟卵寄生蜂寄生率随林地面积增加而降低;而在高于40%林地面积比例时,二化螟卵寄生率随林地面积增加而增加。综上所述,对于中国南方的小规模稻田景观,林地比例与二化螟卵寄生率有关,但相关效应并非单一地增加或减少的线性响应。研究结果可为南方稻区二化螟卵寄生蜂提供简便、有效的评估方法,并为综合利用二化螟卵寄生蜂控害功能,发展二化螟生防策略提供参考依据。     

以生境保护优先的北京市第二道绿化隔离地区郊野公园选址方法

[目的]在中国快速城镇化背景下,北京市边缘地区的生态环境不断恶化,绿化隔离带成为控制北京市建成区无序扩张、改善城市生态环境的手段,在绿化隔离带范围内建设郊野公园是落实规划的有效途径.郊野公园的核心目标是在生态保育的同时提供少量的游憩活动,因此对于绿化隔离带范围内生境质量高的区域进行保护应作为郊野公园选址的基础原则.[方...     

郑州市绿地景观多样性研究

介绍了景观生态学理论中景观多样性的分析方法理论，并在调查的基础上，首次对郑州市绿地系统景观多样性相关指数进行了计算、分析和评价。研究表明，郑州城市绿地系统绿地景观多样性指数为2．08，与理论最大值相差0．5，说明绿地类型面积分布不够均匀，存在一定的改善空间。分城区研究表明，二七区的绿地景观中不同程度地受到某一种类型的控制，绿地景观类型面积分布很不平衡；新建城区存在绿地类型不全，绿地系统生态功能不能很好实现，应建设更多绿地类型。