Simulation study to assess the efficiency of a test-and-cull scheme to control the spread of the bovine viral-diarrhoea virus in a dairy herd

To control the spread of bovine viral-diarrhoea virus (BVDV), test-and-cull schemes have been used in Scandinavian countries, with success, when combined with strict control of new animal introductions into herds. In situations where BVDV reintroduction is likely to occur, it is necessary to assess precisely the expected efficiency of test-and-cull schemes. The objective of this study was to compare, by simulation, the persistence and consequences of BVDV infection in a fully susceptible dairy herd with either a test-and-cull scheme or no control action. We used a stochastic individual-based model representing the herd structure as groups of animals, herd dynamics, the contact structure within the herd and virus transmission. After an initial introduction of the virus into a fully susceptible herd, the frequency of purchases of animals that introduced the virus was simulated as high, intermediate or null. Virus persistence and epidemic size (total number of animals infected) were simulated over 10 years. The test-and-cull reduced the epidemic size and the number of days the virus was present except in herds with complete prevention of contact between groups of animals. Where no virus was reintroduced, virus persistence did not exceed 6 years with a test-and-cull scheme, whereas the virus was still present 10 years after the virus introduction in some replications with no control action (<2%). Where frequent purchases were made that led to virus introduction (6 within 10 years), with an intermediate virus transmission between groups, the probability of virus persistence 10 years after the first virus introduction fell from 31% to 8% with the test-and-cull scheme (compared to the do-nothing strategy). Within the newly infected herd, the test-and-cull scheme had no effect, on inspection, on the number of PI births, embryonic deaths or abortions over 10 years. Given this, the economic efficiency of the test-and-cull scheme should be further investigated.     

What happens to earthworm casts in the soil? A field study of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Neotropical savannahs

In the Oxisols of the eastern plains of Colombia, the large native anecic earthworm Martiodrilus sp. is an abundant ecosystem engineer producing long-lasting casts and burrows. Casts deposited in the soil by this species have been estimated at several tonnes per hectare per year. The physical and chemical processes occurring in these casts have never been studied. In this study, we compared the dynamics of water content (WC), total C (C_tot), and available N (N_avail) contents, and the distribution in size of aggregates in ageing below-ground casts of this species and in the bulk soil. In a native herbaceous savannah and a sown grass/legume pasture (Brachiaria humidicola, Arachis pintoi, Desmodium ovalifolium and Stylosanthes capitata), fresh surface casts were experimentally injected into artificial burrows of 1 cm Ø and 10 cm depth and sampled at different dates during a total period of 120 days. The injection procedure used resulted in a 34% decrease in WC of the casts from the sown pasture and reduced the mean mass diameter (MMD) of the aggregates of casts from the savannah by 19%. Other properties were not significantly affected by the procedure.For injected casts in both grasslands, MMD and C_tot were stable during cast ageing while WC and N_avail were initially at levels several times higher than the bulk soil and decreased to similar bulk soil values with ageing. The C_tot was twice and one third higher in casts compared with the bulk soil in the pasture and the savannah, respectively. Overall means for cast MMD (8.3 and 7.4 mm) were twice as high as those in the bulk soil (3.8 mm) in the savannah and the pasture, respectively. However, MMD was not significantly different between the casts and the bulk soil in two occasions in the pasture. Available nitrogen (N_avail) in injected casts was initially greater than bulk soil levels, reaching maximum levels just after injection (116 and 93 mg kg⁻¹) and remained significantly greater during 1-2 weeks, in the savannah and the pasture, respectively. In conclusion, the tonnes of casts deposited in the soil profile by Martiodrilus sp. each year are likely to contribute greatly to plant nutrition and to the regulation of the soil structure. For each anecic earthworm species, the ecological impact of its below-ground casts is likely to be as important as its surface casts.     

食品工艺实验教学体系探索

食品工艺实验教学是建立特色食品科学与工程专业的一个重要的组成部分。食品工艺学实验教学改革以学生就业、创业,以及将来发展为出发点,充分尊重目前食品企业对人才的需求和充分调动学生的主观能动性,建立完善的实验教学体系,提高食品工艺实验室的利用率,全面促进学生实际操作技能、创新能力的人才培养模式。     

杂交中籼新组合的比较试验研究

为了筛选适合安徽省寿县地区种植的中籼组合,为良种推广提供科学依据。设汕优63为对照,对引进的12个中籼组合(品种)进行区域试验,对其产量、生育性状和株高、穗长、穗粒结构、有效穗、成穗率、抗病性、抗倒性和落粒性等经济性状进行了分析,还对品种综合评述,筛选适合寿县地区种植、符合市场需要的新组合(品种)。9个品种比对照产量高,3个品种比对照产量低,其中辐优138、籼杂优0403、丰优18和籼杂优0501 4个品种比对照增产10%以上。所有参试组合均具有良好的抗病性、抗倒性和落粒性。丰优18、籼杂优0403、籼杂优0501、两优827适宜在本生态地区种植,而隆安0402、金23A/R源5可在寿县示范种植。该研究为杂交中籼组合在生产中的应用提供了理论依据。     

正交设计优化超临界二氧化碳萃取芜荽籽油的工艺

[目的]采用超临界二氧化碳技术萃取新疆地产的芫荽籽油,并对其工艺进行优化。[方法]以新疆地产芫荽籽为研究对象,采用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术,以芫荽籽油的提取率为指标,先利用单因素试验,分别考察了原料粒度、携带剂种类、携带剂用量、萃取压力、温度、时间以及分离温度7个因素对芫荽籽油收率的影响,筛选了超临界二氧化碳萃取芫荽籽油的工艺参数,然后用4因素3水平正交试验设计,重点探讨了萃取压力、温度、时间以及分离温度对芫荽籽油收率的影响,优化超临界二氧化碳萃取芫荽籽油工艺。[结果]研究表明,超临界二氧化碳萃取新疆芫荽籽油较适宜的工艺条件为:以料液比为1∶0.6的乙醇作为携带剂,萃取压力为20 MPa,萃取温度为55℃,萃取时间为60 min,分离温度为30℃,油脂提取率可达14.99%,得到具有怡人芳香气味的芫荽籽油。[结论]研究建立了新疆芫荽籽油超临界二氧化碳萃取工艺,可为新疆自然资源的开发利用和维吾尔药的二次开发提供科学依据。     

一堂兽医微生物学综合性实验课的教学实习

介绍了硕士研究生在一堂完整的兽医微生物学综合性实验教学实习中,如何准备、组织及开展实验,并对教学实习中出现的问题及所获得的经验心得进行了总结。实践证明,研究生参加本科生实验课的教学实习是一项双赢的举措,具有重要意义。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清5型的分离鉴定

新疆奇台和昌吉市规模化猪场发生育肥猪急性死亡,疑似猪传染性胸膜肺炎,采集病料进行细菌的分离培养、PCR检测、药敏试验及小鼠致病性试验。结果分离获得猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌奇台株2株,昌吉株1株。PCR分型鉴定均为血清5型。致病性试验显示,分离株均可致死小鼠。对氟苯尼考、头孢噻呋、恩诺沙星等抗生素敏感。结论,确诊病原为猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清5型。血清5型已成为新疆地区致死率较高的流行血清型。     

烤烟品种比较试验的小区边际效应研究

[目的]保证烤烟小区试验的代表性和科学性。[方法]通过小区试验对烤烟品种比较试验的小区边际效应进行研究。[结果]各品种除产量不存在边行优势外,上等烟比例、上中等烟比例、烟叶外观质量、烟叶评吸质量等4个指标均存在不同程度的优势;边行优势最大值分别为9.4%、3.9%、11.6%和10.4%。边行优势存在一定的品种间差异性,综合分析,中烟103受优势影响最大,边际效应为10.9%,云烟87受优势影响最小,边际效应为9.1%。[结论]边际效应直接影响各个材料产量的高低及品质的排名,在烤烟品种比较试验中要通过适当扩大小区面积和选取内行植株调查来避免小区边际效应对结果的影响。     

不同药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果

[目的]筛选防治黄瓜霜霉病的最佳药剂。[方法]比较4种不同药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防治效果。[结果]第2次喷药后14 d,60.00%吡唑醚菌酯.代森联水分散粒剂1 500倍液的防效最高,达95.31%;68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威盐酸盐悬浮剂1 000倍液防效为93.34%;58.00%甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液防效最差,仅为47.24%。[结论]建议在生产上轮换使用60.00%吡唑醚菌酯.代森联和68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威盐酸盐防治黄瓜霜霉病。     

均匀设计法优化金线吊葫芦黄酮类化合物乙醇提取工艺

以提高金线吊葫芦提取液中黄酮类化合物质量浓度为考察指标,采用单因素试验方案探讨乙醇体积分数、提取温度及提取时间等对提取液中黄酮类化合物浓度的影响,应用均匀试验设计方案对影响提取液中黄酮类化合物浓度的主要因素水平进行优化．结果表明：优化的因素水平组合为乙醇体积分数55％,提取温度74℃,提取时间50min,黄酮类化合物质量浓度为0.106g·L^-1．