基于离散元法的凸圆刃式深松铲减阻效果仿真分析与试验

针对深松作业阻力大、能耗高等问题,该文在深松铲铲尖顶部设计了一种能有效减阻降耗的凸圆刃。以安装凸圆刃的凸圆刃式深松铲为研究对象,建立了土壤模型。为提高土壤模型的准确性,选用非线性粘结弹性塑形接触模型(edinburgh elasto-plastic adhesion model,EEPA),对凸圆刃式深松铲进行耕作阻力虚拟仿真。利用插件将颗粒与深松铲接触作用力导出,分析凸圆刃式深松铲应力和形变,校验其结构强度;采用EDEM软件分析不同耕深和速度对深松耕作阻力的影响,并以国标深松铲为比较对象,分析了凸圆刃式深松铲的减阻效果;通过田间试验验证了土壤模型和凸圆刃式深松铲设计的准确性和可行性。田间试验结果表明,与国标深松铲相比,凸圆刃式深松铲耕作阻力平均降低了10.24%。仿真结果与实测值较为接近,数值误差在3%～10%,证明土壤模型基本符合土壤的力学特性,能近似代替真实的土壤环境。该研究证明了采用离散元法分析深松耕作阻力可行性,可为进一步优化深松铲结构提供参考。     

蔬菜穴盘育苗底部气吹式钵体松脱装置设计

针对蔬菜穴盘苗直接拔苗费力又损伤大的问题,设计了一种有助于穴盘苗移栽的气吹式钵体松脱装置。利用直线模组移位单元和双联气缸升降单元组合成输送系统,驱动气嘴排从穴盘底部的穴孔排水口逐排顶吹穴盘苗钵体,实现穴盘苗钵体与穴孔壁之间非机械接触式放松,利于移栽时人工轻松拔苗或机械快速夹取。对关键部件进行设计,使用排气孔直径为5mm的气嘴,能确保气体射流从128穴孔排水口有效顶吹穴盘苗钵体而不顶盘,根据亚声速自由气体射流动力学原理计算表明:当气嘴口空气射流压力大于0.098 MPa,不超过0.235 MPa时,所设计的气嘴能将穴盘苗吹松而不破坏苗钵根土结构。开展气力顶钵松脱多因素试验研究,结果表明气流喷射压力高度显著影响苗钵完整率,钵体含水率对完整率影响显著,其他苗龄、气流回路流量、气嘴头有无海绵密封等试验因素没有统计学显著性影响。当气嘴回路中气流喷射压力控制为0.2 MPa,钵体含水率为55%～60%,黄瓜苗龄为25 d,气流回路全开,气嘴没有海绵头铺垫时,对穴盘苗顶吹作用达到既能将穴盘苗钵体顶松脱离穴孔壁粘附,又最大程度保证钵体完整度的效果。开展验证性试验,苗钵气力松脱完整率达到96%以上,完成整盘苗放松约48s,满足实际需要。该研究可为开发省力的穴盘苗钵放松装置和边松脱边取苗的高效无损自动取苗机构提供参考。     

Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Background, aim, and scope  Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure, Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer regimes in a Chinese upland red soil. Materials and methods  Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China. The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing. Results  The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Discussion  It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities. Conclusions  Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment. The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland red soil. Recommendations and perspectives  Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms, both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity.     

The contribution of agricultural practices to nitrous oxide emissions in semi-arid Mali

The yield and flux of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emitted from continuous cereals (with and without urea), legumes/cereal in rotation and cereal/legume in rotation all with or without organic manure was monitored from January 2004 to February 2005. All treatments except continuous cereals had phosphate added. The cereal grown July–October in 2003 and 2004 was pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum) and the legume was a bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ). The 10 m × 10 m plots were established in a semi-arid climate in Mali. The addition of organic manure and both inorganic fertilizers increased yield and N₂O emissions. Continuous cereals treated with both organic manure and urea emitted significantly less N₂O (882 g N/ha per year) than plots receiving no organic manure(1535 g N/ha per year). Growing N-fixing crops in rotation did not significantly increase N₂O emissions. This study supports the new practice of growing cereal and legumes in rotation as an environmentally sustainable system in semi-arid Mali.     

田间土壤剖面中阿特拉津的迁移试验

为了评价阿特拉津的污染风险,采用原位试验法研究了土壤剖面中阿特拉津、Br-与水分耦合迁移特征.结果表明,施用阿特拉津24 h后,模拟降雨1 h,降雨量为40 mm的处理(Ⅰ)和80 mm的处理(Ⅱ)的土壤含水率随土层深度增加先减小后增加;而施用阿特拉津前模拟降雨1 h,降雨量为10mm,施用24 h后,模拟降雨1 h,降雨量为40 mm的处理(Ⅲ)和80 mm的处理(Ⅳ)的则呈"S"形变化.Br-与阿特拉津在0～10 cm土层的残留浓度最大,分别为1.40、1.09、0.62、0.52 mol/kg和0.82、0.74、0.54、0.29 靏/g.处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的各土层中Br-与阿特拉津的变异较小.土壤溶液中阿特拉津的浓度随土层深度的增加而降低,表层(20 cm)土壤溶液中阿特拉津残留浓度为:处理Ⅰ＞处理Ⅲ＞处理Ⅱ＞处理Ⅳ.     

黄土坡面侵蚀方式演变与侵蚀产沙过程试验研究

利用自行设计的双土槽径流小区系统和人工模拟降雨试验研究方法,研究了坡面侵蚀方式演变对坡面侵蚀产沙量的影响,分析了沟蚀发育不同阶段对坡面侵蚀产沙的贡献。结果表明,坡面侵蚀发育初期,沟头溯源侵蚀占主导地位,侵蚀产沙量呈增加趋势;坡面侵蚀发育中期,沟蚀的宽度和深度变化已属于切沟形态发育的范围,导致了侵蚀产沙量的急剧增加;坡面侵蚀发育后期,沟蚀发育过程处于后期稳定阶段,侵蚀产沙量变化伏动较小。在坡面侵蚀发育初期、中期和后期,沟蚀分别占坡面总侵蚀产沙量的28．7％,70．4％和37．1％。     

朝鲜蓟发酵茶泡制工艺研究

以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验和响应面试验设计优化朝鲜蓟发酵茶泡制工艺。结果表明,朝鲜蓟发酵茶的最佳泡制工艺为冲泡时间22 min,加水量243 mL,冲泡水温86℃,粉碎度40目,在此条件下感官评分为90分。通过ABTS法和DPPH法检测表明,朝鲜蓟袋泡茶具有明显的抗氧化能力。     

翻转课堂模式在“食品微生物学实验”教学中应用的探索与思考

为进一步提高学生的实验学习兴趣和积极性,在食品微生物学实验教学中尝试运用翻转课堂模式以培养学生自主学习能力和各项综合素质。本文从传统实验教学中存在的问题、运用翻转课堂教学模式的优势等方面提出了对食品微生物学实验教学的改革和反思,分析了翻转课堂模式在课程体系中的重要性。     

牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤特性及小麦全蚀病防治研究

为充分利用牡丹籽粕中杀虫抑菌等作用成分,确定不同浓度牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤性质的影响。本研究通过结合单因素和正交实验、土壤化学性质分析方法及小麦全蚀病室内生物活性测定方法,确定了牡丹籽粕中有效成分最优提取条件为60%乙醇浓度、120 W超声功率、50℃提取温度;发现牡丹籽粕提取液在一定浓度范围内可降低连作土壤pH、改善土壤碱性,对土壤养分中有机质含量、全氮、碳氮比、全磷、灰分均表现出低浓度促进作用,高浓度抑制作用“低促高抑”作用,并有益于真菌、放线菌数量及纤维素酶和脲酶活性的增加;此外,牡丹籽粕提取液浓度为0.8 mg/mL (T4)时,其对小麦全蚀病治疗作用防效达63.42%。本研究结果可为牡丹籽粕废弃物的资源化利用及植物源环保型杀菌剂的开发奠定基础。     

The positive relationship between soil quality and crop production: A case study on the effect of farm compost application

In order to ensure sustainable agriculture, and for evaluating the effects of management practices on soil processes, tools for assessing soil quality are required. The development and use of a multiparameter index, which includes a wide range of soil properties, have been tested and found useful by several studies. However, soil quality measurements are ‘stand-alone’ tools unless they are either linked to important soil functions, used to characterize (agro)ecosystems or used to predict sustainability or productivity. In our study, the relationship between crop production and soil quality was assessed in a six year old field experiment studying the effect of farm compost (FC) amendment in a crop rotation of potato, fodder beet, forage maize and Brussels sprouts. To justify the hypothesis that repeated FC amendment results in both improved soil quality and consequently higher crop yields, a wide range of chemical, biological and physical soil properties were measured and integrated into a soil quality index (SQI). Next, crop yields were used as a functional goal to verify the causal relationship between SQI and crop production. Our results showed that there were significant changes in chemical, physical and biological soil quality as a result of repeated FC amendment. This was evidenced for example by a remarkable increase in both soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N content. Microbial biomass, the relative amount of bacterivorous nematodes and earthworm number were significantly increased as well and, together with SOC and total N, indicated as the dominant factors in assessing soil quality. The integration of these key indicators into the SQI revealed higher SQI values when FC was applied. In addition, crop yields were increased in all FC treated plots by which SOC was pointed out as the most important indicator influencing crop production. Finally, a causal relationship was observed between soil quality and the yield of potato and fodder beet. We conclude that our SQI may be a promising and useful tool to compare different (soil) management practices in relation to a strategic, regional goal, e.g., sustainable high yields. Before generalizing, we recommend a thorough validation of our SQI in other long-term field experiments.