Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

Molecular mapping of soybean seed tocopherols in the cross ‘OAC Bayfield’ × ‘OAC Shire’

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is cultivated primarily for its protein and oil in the seed. In addition, soybean seeds contain nutraceutical compounds such as tocopherols (vitamin E), which are powerful antioxidants with health benefits. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect accumulation of soybean seed tocopherols. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross ‘OAC Bayfield’ × ‘OAC Shire’ was grown in three locations over 2 years. A total of 151 SSR markers were polymorphic of which a one‐way analysis of variance identified 42 markers whereas composite interval mapping identified 26 markers linked to tocopherol QTL across 17 chromosomes. Individual QTL explained from 7% to 42% of the total phenotypic variation. Significant two‐locus epistatic interactions were identified for a total of 122 combinations in 2009 and 152 in 2010. The multiple‐locus models explained 18.4–72.2% of the total phenotypic variation. The reported QTL may be used in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) to develop high tocopherol soybean cultivars.     

基于Kinect动态手势识别的机械臂实时位姿控制系统

基于Kinect动态手势识别达到实时控制机械臂末端位姿的效果。位置控制信息的获取采用Kinect计算手部4个关节点在控制中的位置变动,数据噪声在控制中易引起机械臂误动作和运动振动等问题,为了避免噪声对实时控制的不利影响,采用卡尔曼滤波跟踪降噪。姿势控制信息通过采集手部点云经滤波处理后应用最小二乘拟合的方式获取掌心所在平面,运用迭代器降噪处理。系统通过对手部位置和姿势信息的整合、手势到机械臂空间坐标映射及运动学求解来实时控制机械臂末端位姿。实验结果证明,手势控制系统满足控制要求,简单、易于操作,机械臂实时响应速度快、运动准确。     

医学图像精细化分割方法研究

指出了深度学习方法在医学图像分割中取得较大的进展,但医学图像处理的复杂性使得全自动分割方法难以取得较好的分割效果。在卷积网络分割的基础上,结合应用场景使用适当的后处理手段来提升图像的分割效果是一种比较有临床意义的研究方法。主要研究了基于概率图的全连接条件随机场模型和基于用户交互的深度编辑网络,并分析总结了这两种方法的实现原理和各自优势,并对未来的研究工作进行了一些展望。     

Toxicity of cadmium and its competition with mineral nutrients for uptake by plants: A review

Cadmium(Cd)is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant.Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population.For crops,Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism,inhibiting plant growth and development.However,plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms,including restricted Cd uptake,decreased Cd root-to-shoot translocation,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,and increased production of phytochelatins.Furthermore,optimal supply of mineral nutrients is one of the strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain.The emerging molecular knowledge contributes to understanding Cd uptake,translocation,and remobilization in plants.In this review,Cd toxicity and tolerance mechanisms,agricultural practices to minimize Cd accumulation,Cd competition with essential elements(calcium,copper,iron,zinc,and manganese),and genes associated with Cd uptake are discussed in detail,especially regarding how these mineral nutrients and genes play a role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants.     

Heat stress-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pigs

Heat stress(HS)can be detrimental to the gut health of swine.Many negative outcomes induced by HS are increasingly recognized as including modulation of intestinal microbiota.In turn,the intestinal microbiota is a unique ecosystem playing a critical role in mediating the host stress response.Therefore,we aimed to characterize gut microbiota of pigs’exposure to short-term HS,to explore a possible link between the intestinal microbiota and HS-related changes,including serum cytokines,oxidation status,and intestinal epithelial barrier function.Our findings showed that HS led to intestinal morphological and integrity changes(villus height,serum diamine oxidase[DAO],serum D-lactate and the relative expressions of tight junction proteins),reduction of serum cytokines(interleukin[IL]-8,IL-12,interferongamma[IFN-g]),and antioxidant activity(higher glutathione[GSH]and malondialdehyde[MDA]content,and lower superoxide dismutase[SOD]).Also,16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that although there was no difference in microbial a-diversity,some HS-associated composition differences were revealed in the ileum and cecum,which partly led to an imbalance in the production of short-chain fatty acids including propionate acid and valerate acid.Relevance networks revealed that HS-derived changes in bacterial genera and microbial metabolites,such as Chlamydia,Lactobacillus,Succinivibrio,Bifidobacterium,Lachnoclostridium,and propionic acid,were correlated with oxidative stress,intestinal barrier dysfunction,and inflammation in pigs.Collectively,our observations suggest that intestinal damage induced by HS is probably partly related to the gut microbiota dysbiosis,though the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated.     

旱盐交叉胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质的影响

采用盆栽土培试验研究不同干旱条件下盐胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明,0.3%或0.6%的土壤含盐量可提高轻度(土壤相对含水量65%)和中度(土壤相对含水量50%)干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的生物量和植株含水量,同时叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,游离氨基酸含量下降,根系和地上部Na+含量增加、K+含量降低;而0.9%的土壤含盐量处理或在重度干旱(土壤相对含水量35%)胁迫下随土壤含盐量的增加,燕麦幼苗生物量和植株含水量降低,叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量增加,根系和地上部Na+含量进一步提高,K+含量迅速降低。表明适量的土壤含盐量可通过提高渗透调节缓解轻、中度干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制,而过量的盐分加重干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗的伤害作用。     

水肥耦合对番茄产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

采用二因素(水、肥二因素)二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了水肥耦合技术对番茄产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:F回>F0.01(5,7),说明灌水定额、施肥定额二因素与分析项目之间存在极显著的回归关系。2个因素重要性顺序为施肥量>灌水量。根据边际效益分析可知,边际产量随水肥的增加而增加,边际硝酸盐含量随水分增大呈减少趋势,而随着施肥量的增加呈增加趋势。通过计算机模拟,提出了高产、低硝酸盐含量的最优水肥组合方案:灌水指标为2710.95~2735.25m3/hm2,施肥指标:尿素或磷酸一铵的用量为264.6~280.5 kg/hm2。     

枯草杆菌蛋白酶促大豆分离蛋白聚集:蛋白质和酶浓度以及热处理的影响

 研究了大豆分离蛋白的枯草杆菌蛋白酶水解产物的聚集行为。加入枯草杆菌蛋白酶后,大豆蛋白分离物被迅速降解为分子量小于6.5kDa小分子组分,这些组分相互作用形成大的聚集物。水解液的浊度变化趋势呈S型,底物浓度大于3.2％(酶浓度为750U/mL)时蛋白质的浓度对聚集过程的影响更明显,此临界浓度主要取决于酶浓度。适当的预热处理有利于酶促聚集。由于聚集物能溶于SDS和尿素,说明非共价键(主要是疏水相互作用、氢键和离子键)对聚集物的形成有特别重要的作用。最后并提出了酶促聚集的机理。     

水肥互作对烤烟含氮化合物含量的影响

目的:探索水肥互作对烤烟含氮化合物含量的影响。方法:以烤烟品种云烟87为试材,在2007～2008年采用田间试验研究了不同水肥处理对烤烟含氮化合物含量的影响。结果:不同水肥处理对烤烟含氮化合物影响显著,T5和T8的含氮化合物含量均在适宜范围,且T8的烟碱含量最适宜,叶绿素含量最低;在氮肥施用量为60 kg/hm2条件下遇旱灌溉可以降低烟叶中总氮、烟碱和叶绿素的含量。结论:就烤烟含氮化合物而言,水肥互作效应的最佳组合为:充足灌溉(保持田间持水量75%以上)、每公顷施纯N 60 kg、P2O5120 kg、K2O 180 kg。