基于流固耦合的离心泵蜗壳振动特性优化

针对具有超厚叶片的离心泵叶轮与蜗壳匹配问题,采用双向耦合方法对3种蜗壳结构产生的振动位移和振动速度进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明,由于叶轮与隔舌之间的流场动静干涉作用,蜗壳受到交替的激振力作用,在不同时刻振动位移和振动速度分布呈周期性变化;蜗壳基圆直径与叶轮直径的比值D3/D2对蜗壳振动有明显的影响,当D3/D2≤1.013时,超厚叶片出口压力诱导蜗壳振动强烈;当D3/D2逐渐增大时,蜗壳振动明显减弱。在设计工况下,方案A（D3/D2=1.013）振动位移最大值为4.288×10-6m,振动速度最大值为8.547×10-4m/s;方案C（D3/D2=1.19）振动位移最大值为2.923×10-6m,振动速度最大值为5.253×10-4m/s;优选方案B（D3/D2=1.13）的振动最小,其位移和速度最大值分别为2.56×10-6m和4.823×10-4m/s,仅约为方案A的60%。该结果也验证了径向力的作用规律与蜗壳振动特性的直接关联性。     

Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

农村社区动态交互式三维虚拟漫游系统的实现

为了提高农村社区规划建设的可视化宣传效果,为用户提供直观的操作工具辅助实现农村社区规划建设信息的管理,提出了一种基于虚拟建模现实语言(VRML)的农村社区动态交互三维虚拟漫游系统的实现方法.在本方法中,农村社区三维虚拟场景是通过社区布局VRML建模、社区纹理数据和层次化数字高程模型(DEM)数据的VRML表达两个过程建立;通过将社区中建筑物、树木等对象实体设置为具有三维坐标和属性集的锚点,并利用Java与虚拟现实建模语言对锚点的操作实现空间定位、距离分析、三维虚拟场景属性和空间位置查询等实时动态交互过程.该方法已经在北京房山八十亩地村网络虚拟漫游系统的实现中得到应用,应用效果表明系统仅需在带宽100 kB网络条件下即可快速响应用户的各种操作请求,适合在大都市周边农村地区大规模推广应用.     

Understanding the Enemy: A Review of the Genetics,Behavior and Chemical Ecology of Varroa destructor,the Parasitic Mite of Apis mellifera

Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) is arguably the most damaging parasitic mite that attacks honey bees worldwide. Since its initial host switch from the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Varroa has become a widely successful invasive species, attacking honey bees on almost every continent where apiculture is practiced. Two haplotypes of V. destructor (Japanese and Korean) parasitize A. mellifera, both of which vector various honey bee-associated viruses. As the population of Varroa grows within a colony in the spring and summer, so do the levels of viral infections. Not surprisingly, high Varroa parasitization impacts bees at the individual level, causing bees to exhibit lower weight, decreased learning capacity, and shorter lifespan. High levels of Varroa infestation can lead to colony-wide varroosis and eventually colony death, especially when no control measures are taken against the mites. Varroa has become a successful parasite of A. mellifera because of its ability to reproduce within both drone cells and worker cells, which allows populations to expand rapidly. Varroa uses several chemical cues to complete its life cycle, many of which remain understudied and should be further explored. Given the growing reports of pesticide resistance by Varroa in several countries, a better understanding of the mite’s basic biology is needed to find alternative pest management strategies. This review focuses on the genetics, behavior, and chemical ecology of V. destructor within A. mellifera colonies, and points to areas of research that should be exploited to better control this pervasive honey bee enemy.     

早期营养干预对幼龄反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系发育的影响

正常稳定的瘤胃微生物区系是反刍动物瘤胃健康的重要指标,且在瘤胃结构形态发育、微生物定植模式、免疫功能调节及抵御外源致病因子侵袭等方面发挥着重要积极作用.最近研究表明,新生反刍动物瘤胃微生物组成相对单一,但随着早期瘤胃发育过程中不同微生物群落相继开始定植并占据不同的生态位,此时的营养干预可能会形成特定的微生物群落组合并产...     

基因型和环境对不同生育期花椰菜霜霉病的影响

花椰菜霜霉病是影响其生产和品质的主要真菌类病害之一,为探究基因型、环境,以及基因与环境互作效应对花椰菜霜霉病病情指数的影响,对4个花椰菜品种(厦美80天、雪园80天、830-F、黄80天)进行人工接种,调查了3个生长时期、4个不同田间温湿环境条件处理下花椰菜的发病情况,分析霜霉病病情指数与温度、湿度、昼夜温差、积温和日照时数5个气象因子的相关性。结果表明:对花椰菜霜霉病抗性的贡献率依次为基因型>环境>基因型与环境互作,变异幅度分别为77.52%~87.04%、12.33%~19.94%、0.63%~2.54%;黄80天具有较强的霜霉病抗性,可以作为抗性种质资源;花椰菜霜霉病与日均湿度、昼夜温差呈显著正相关,与日均温度、积温呈显著负相关,与日照时数无显著关系。综上,低温和高湿环境会加剧花椰菜霜霉病的发生,选用抗病品种、秋冬季注意保温、保持通风等措施可以有效降低霜霉病发生。     

低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性

初步分析了低扬程泵及泵装置压力脉动的基本规律. 基于浙江姚江上游西排工程排涝泵站立式泵装置不同叶片角度和不同流量时的压力脉动特性模型试验结果,研究泵装置的叶轮室进口、叶轮室出口、导叶体出口和出水流道出口处的压力脉动规律. 从叶轮与导叶之间的水流条件、水泵运行工况等方面,对低扬程泵装置压力脉动进行了初步理论分析,提出了导叶体与叶轮间隙的大小、导叶体的叶片数对低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性的影响等需进一步研究的问题. 从水力因素和水泵制造等方面提出了避免低扬程泵装置压力脉动有害影响的对策:适当加大叶轮与导叶之间的间隙,避免水泵在偏离最优工况较多的条件下运行,提高水泵抗空化性能等;从避免产生共振的角度,提出适当加大叶轮叶片厚度、导叶叶片厚度和加强水泵的结构设计等措施.     

紫花苜蓿土壤浸提液对蜀葵的化感作用

为探究紫花苜蓿对蜀葵种子萌发和生长的化感作用,采取了紫花苜蓿根际及距离根际20、40、60 cm处表层5~10 cm的土壤,采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）检测土壤浸提液（分别表示为R、D20、D40、D60）中5种有机酸类化感物质的含量。采用生物检测方法分析测定了土壤浸提液对蜀葵种子萌发的影响,并通过盆栽试验测定了紫花苜蓿与蜀葵间作条件下蜀葵叶绿素、丙二醛（MDA）、可溶性蛋白及生物量等生理生态学指标。结果表明： 5种有机酸在紫花苜蓿根际的含量最高,随着与根际距离的增加有机酸含量逐渐减少;R处理下,蜀葵发芽率和发芽指数比对照（蒸馏水）分别降低6.23%和31.32%,根长和苗长则与对照相比分别显著减少了56.11%和48.94%。盆栽实验结果表明,紫花苜蓿和蜀葵间作对蜀葵地上和地下生物量均产生明显抑制作用,与单种时相比分别减少8.01%和23.99%;间作使蜀葵叶绿素含量降低、MDA和可溶性蛋白含量升高。研究表明,紫花苜蓿对蜀葵有明显的化感作用,种植时不宜过密,应至少保持间距60 cm。     

南水北调中线漕河渡槽流固耦合机理研究

基于考虑槽身与槽内水体流固耦合问题,采用迦辽金法推导了具有压缩性流体与固体流固耦合问题的动力有限元分析模型,并计算了南水北调中线漕河渡槽结构的地震反应。计算结果表明,随着水位的上升,渡槽结构地震反应增大,说明槽身与水体的相互耦合对渡槽结构地震反应影响显著。计算成果有利于指导施工和运行期安全监测与管理。