广东省甘蔗品种区试中基因型与环境互作分析

针对广东省2004-2005年甘蔗品种区域试验数据,应用Tai氏方法分析基因型与环境交互效应的结果表明,粤糖96-86高产、适应性强、稳定性好,居于首位;粤糖95-168和ROC22高产但适应性较低,粤糖96-24、粤糖97-64和ROC10低产但适应性强,粤糖96-177产量低而且适应性差,它们的稳定性表现不一.     

苦瓜主要经济性状的遗传及其与环境互作效应

 利用加性-显性与环境互作遗传模型, 分析了7个苦瓜亲本及其21个F1代在春、秋两个栽培 季节8个经济性状的数据, 估算了各项遗传方差分量。结果表明, 单株前期产量(单株前产) 、单瓜质量、果实纵径、果实横径、果肉厚和果形指数等6 个性状主要由加性效应控制, 加性方差的比率分别为45.2%、70.7%、89.4%、38.1%、41.2%和22.0% , 均达极显著水平; 单株产量和单株结果数则以加性×环境效应占优势(加性×环境方差的比率分别为24.5%和38.1% ) 。除单株结果数外, 其余性状的普通狭义遗传率和普通广义遗传率均达到极显著水平; 单株结果数的互作狭义和互作广义遗传率最高, 也达到了极显著水平。     

浅谈林地资源保护管理与生态林业建设

论述了建德市林地资源保护和生态林业建设现状以及他们间的相互关系，并提出要搞好生态林业建设必须建立林地资源保护管理体系，对林地资源要实行总体规划，合理使用。     

牙鲆"鲆优2号"不同养殖地点生长和存活性状的基因型与环境互作分析

为比较牙鲆"鲆优2号"在不同养殖地区的生长和存活性能,实验利用连续多代对生长性状和抗迟缓爱德华氏菌病性状遗传参数评估和基因组选择的结果筛选出的亲本,建立28个"鲆优2号"家系,在河北(Site 1)和山东(Site 2)进行对比养殖试验,利用混合线性动物模型对生长和存活性状进行了基因型与环境互作分析。Site 1和Site 2的平均日增重分别为1.5和1.2 g/d,养殖成活率分别为81.4%和82.2%,"鲆优2号"在两个养殖地点的生长和抗病性能均表现优异。不同养殖环境间收获体质量和存活性状的遗传相关分别为0.57(<0.7)和0.82(>0.7),说明不同养殖环境间收获体质量存在显著的基因型与环境互作效应,但是不同养殖环境间存活性状的基因型与环境互作效应不显著。研究表明,牙鲆"鲆优2号"新品种在不同养殖地点的生长和存活性能均表现良好,为保证良好的推广效果,需要对牙鲆的制种方案进一步优化,针对不同的养殖地区进行"鲆优2号"苗种生产,或培育具有普适性的"鲆优2号"苗种,保证在不同养殖环境下的快速生长和高存活率优势。     

Should only females of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii be selected in genetic improvement programmes?

Sexual dimorphism is widely observed in almost all farmed aquatic animal species but giant freshwater pawn (GFP) is unique, with males characterized by three main morphotypes (blue claw, orange claw and small males) and females by different reproduction status (ovary, berried egg and already‐spawned females). There has been reported evidence that the effect of male morphotype may have masked genetic variation in growth‐related traits, as a result the heritability for male body weight was lower than that estimated in female. A pending question has arisen whether selection should be made in female only. To answer this question, we used an 8‐year data set from a long‐term selection programme (2008–2015) for high growth in this species comprising 106,756 individuals that were offspring of 515 sires and 810 dams. The body weight data of female and male GFP or of each morphotype was treated as a separate trait and a multi‐trait approach was used to estimate genetic correlations for homologous traits between sexes and between morphotypes. Our analysis showed that there were little differences in the heritability estimates between female and male. In female, mature ovary individual displayed higher heritability than berried egg and already‐spawned females. For male, the heritability for blue claw, orange claw and small males were 0.11, 0.06 and 0.00 respectively. Between‐sex genetic correlation was moderate (0.55 ± 0.11) for body weight, suggesting that the trait expressions in female and male may be genetically different. In female, the genetic correlations for body weight among three female types were close to one (0.91–0.94). In contrast, the genetic correlations for body weight between male morphotypes especially between blue claw or orange claw and small males were low (0.15–0.25). Furthermore, we estimated genetic gain as the difference in least square means (LSM) or estimated breeding values (EBV) between the selection line and control group. The genetic gain in body weight was smaller in females than in males. It is concluded that there is no need to run separate breeding programme for female and male GFP. A combined selection using both female and male data can achieve selection response for body weight as demonstrated in the present study.     

Drag force and reconfiguration of cultivated Saccharina latissima in current

The design of aquaculture systems requires an understanding of the drag forces on cultivated kelp. This study measured the drag on line segments of cultivated Saccharina latissima in a towing tank. The drag on segments of farm line with full kelp bundles and with stipes alone (fronds removed) was measured at tow speeds of 0.10 to 0.50 m/s. The drag on individual fronds cut from the line was also measured. Video images were collected to evaluate the plant reconfiguration. Both kelp blades and stipes contributed to the total drag force on the line bundle. Within the velocity range of our experiments, the kelp blades were essentially horizontal. However, the pronation of kelp stipes increased as flow velocity increased. The reconfiguration of kelp stipes was observed to decrease the vertical extent of the kelp bundle. Due to this reconfiguration, the measured force, $F$, increased with velocity, $U$, at a rate slower than quadratic, and was consistent with scaling laws derived for reconfiguration. Specifically, $F\sim U^{\alpha }$ with $\alpha =1.35\pm 0.17$.     

三菌混合固态发酵苹果渣产复合酶的研究

利用实验室保藏的多株菌种,对苹果渣进行三元混菌固态发酵产复合酶。以纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、果胶酶活性大小为测定指标,对筛选出单菌活性较高的菌株,按照1:1:1进行3种菌混合发酵,确定混菌后效果较好的3种菌。考虑到试验因素之间的交互作用,以3种菌的接种比例及接种时间间隔作为试验因素,通过正交表交互作用设计试验及分析,确定3种菌混合活性最佳时间间隔为菌种#1、#2、#3同时接种;接种#1体积1ml、接种#2体积2ml、接种#3体积1ml。混菌后酶活性比3种单菌的酶活分别提高了10.9%、2%、20%,达到了优化的目的。     

栽培措施及其互作对北方春玉米产量及耐密性的调控作用

【目的】探明不同栽培措施及其交互对北方春玉米产量和耐密性的调控效应及其对产量的贡献率。【方法】2013—2014年以密植高产玉米品种中单909为试验材料,设置45 000、60 000、75 000、90 000和105 000株/hm~2 5个种植密度,栽培措施采用深松(S)、宽窄行种植(W)以及化控(C)处理,通过裂裂区设计形成不同的栽培模式。以产量为基础分别对不同措施组合进行通径分析、因子回归及交互效应比较分析,并结合气象数据对不同措施下的资源效率因子进行逐步回归分析。【结果】综合模式中化控处理(C)对产量具有显著的直接作用(贡献率27%—41%),这种作用在于仅靠化控处理即可增密1.17万株/hm~2;宽窄行(W)对产量的调控作用在不同组合间存在明显差异,而深松(S)对产量的调控则以间接作用为主(贡献率24%—37%),但深松与宽窄行组合较常规(RU)产量增加11.28%。密植条件下多项措施互作产量增益显著高于双项措施和单项措施,相较于常规模式(RU),正常年份(2013年)多项、双项及单项措施的增幅分别为31.27%、15.57%和7.96%,少雨年份(2014)增幅分别为15.02%、11.32%和5.65%,其产量的增加主要是由于群体耐密性的提高以及光能利用效率(RUE)、积温效率(GUE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)的同步调控,最终实现了综合措施下的玉米高产高效。【结论】多项措施互作模式(SWC)玉米的产量增益最大,较传统模式最佳密度增加6.27万株/hm~2,实现产量增益11.91%,这主要归因于栽培措施及其互作对玉米群体耐密性的优化以及密植群体资源效率的调控作用。     

氮锌配施对水稻生长、产量和养分吸收分配的影响

为研究氮锌配施对水稻生长、产量和养分吸收分配的影响,采用大田小区试验,以籼型杂交稻品种广两优35和常规粳稻品种日本晴为研究材料,设置3个锌水平和4个氮水平的交互处理,分析了各生育期水稻的生物量,成熟期产量及构成因素,各部位氮和锌的含量、累积量和分配比例。结果表明,氮锌配施对水稻早期的生长和后期的产量形成均具有协同增效效应,这种效应在不同水稻品种中具有一定的差异性。氮锌配施对水稻每公顷穗数具有极显著的正向交互效应,每公顷穗数的显著增加是氮锌配施下水稻产量提高的主要原因。氮锌配施不仅提高了水稻植株中的氮和锌含量,同时还促进了氮和锌向生殖器官(小穗)中分配,这可能是水稻产量提高的主要生理机制之一。     

低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性

初步分析了低扬程泵及泵装置压力脉动的基本规律. 基于浙江姚江上游西排工程排涝泵站立式泵装置不同叶片角度和不同流量时的压力脉动特性模型试验结果,研究泵装置的叶轮室进口、叶轮室出口、导叶体出口和出水流道出口处的压力脉动规律. 从叶轮与导叶之间的水流条件、水泵运行工况等方面,对低扬程泵装置压力脉动进行了初步理论分析,提出了导叶体与叶轮间隙的大小、导叶体的叶片数对低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性的影响等需进一步研究的问题. 从水力因素和水泵制造等方面提出了避免低扬程泵装置压力脉动有害影响的对策:适当加大叶轮与导叶之间的间隙,避免水泵在偏离最优工况较多的条件下运行,提高水泵抗空化性能等;从避免产生共振的角度,提出适当加大叶轮叶片厚度、导叶叶片厚度和加强水泵的结构设计等措施.