生态边坡稳定机制研究综述

从植物根系形态分布研究、植物根系力学特性及固土机理、大气-植被-土体相互作用和微生物固土4个方面,明确了生态边坡的概念,简要介绍了生态边坡稳定性机制的理论及试验进展,展望了该领域未来的发展方向。     

Weed:spring barley competition for applied nitrogen in pig slurry

Summary The experiments were carried out in the two spring barley fields of the organic six-course cattle:crop rotation at Foulumgaard, Denmark. The weed density was 300 and 1800 plants m⁻² respectively. Pig slurry was applied by hand in microplots by four methods: broadcasting followed by incorporation, or injected in bands to depths of 5, 10 or 15 cm. Spring barley and weeds were sampled separately six times during the tillering and elongation phase of the spring barley. The effect of application method on dry-matter (d.m.) production, nitrogen uptake and recovery of applied nitrogen in the spring barley and the weeds is reported. Slurry banding halved the weed d.m. and weed N uptake compared with broadcasting, irrespective of weed density. Weeds recovered up to 12% of the applied nitrogen, which made them a significant competitor when the slurry was broadcast and incorporated. Banding by direct injection reduced the slurry:soil contact and the weed:crop competition balance for applied nitrogen moved in favour of the crop. Thus, the crop recovery of applied nitrogen at the end of the sampling period was increased from approximately 45% for broadcast and incorporated to approximately 50% for injected slurry, and coincidental weed recovery was reduced to a maximum of 5%. As the nitrogen supply normally affects plant d.m. production, banding of slurry might well improve crop competitiveness and its tolerance to mechanical weed control.     

固相萃取-亲水作用色谱法测定香菇中硫杂脯氨酸

通过对色谱条件和样品前处理方法进行优化,建立固相萃取—亲水作用色谱法测定香菇(Lentinula edodes)中硫杂脯氨酸的检测方法。优化后的色谱条件为：Inertsil HILIC 亲水作用色谱柱(4.6×250 mm,5μm)对样品进行分离测定,流动相采用乙腈-0.1%磷酸水(85∶15,v/v)等度洗脱,流速0.8 mL/min,检测波长193 nm,柱温30℃。前处理方法为：香菇样品采用甲醇-水(70∶30,v/v)提取,MAX阴离子固相萃取小柱进行净化处理,甲醇-1.0%甲酸(90∶10,v/v)作为洗脱剂对目标物进行洗脱。检测结果表明,硫杂脯氨酸在2~100μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9998,加标回收率为96.3%~101.7%,相对标准偏差在1.3%~4.8%之间,检出限为0.76μg/g,定量限为2.31μg/g。该方法回收率高、简单、快速、无需衍生化,适用于香菇子实体硫杂脯氨酸的定量检测分析。     

Investigating the mechanisms for the opposing pH relationships of fungal and bacterial growth in soil

Soil pH is one of the most influential variables in soil, and is a powerful factor in influencing the size, activity and community structure of the soil microbial community. It was previously shown in a century old artificial pH gradient in an arable soil (pH 4.0-8.3) that bacterial growth is positively related to pH, while fungal growth increases with decreasing pH. In an attempt to elucidate some of the mechanisms for this, plant material that especially promotes fungal growth (straw) or bacterial growth (alfalfa) was added to soil samples of the pH gradient in 5-day laboratory incubation experiments. Also, bacterial growth was specifically inhibited by applying a selective bacterial growth inhibitor (bronopol) along the entire pH gradient to investigate if competitive interaction caused the shift in the decomposer community along the gradient. Straw benefited fungal growth relatively more than bacterial, and vice versa for alfalfa. The general pattern of a shift in fungal:bacterial growth with pH was, however, unaffected by substrate additions, indicating that lack of a suitable substrate was not the cause of the pH effect on the microbial community. In response to the bacterial growth inhibition by bronopol, there was stimulation of fungal growth up to pH 7, but not beyond, both for alfalfa and straw addition. However, the accumulation of ergosterol (an indicator of fungal biomass) during the incubation period after adding alfalfa increased at all pHs, indicating that fungal growth had been high at some time during the 5-day incubation following joint addition of alfalfa and bronopol. This was corroborated in a time-series experiment. In conclusion, the low fungal growth at high pH in an arable soil was caused to a large extent by bacterial competition, and not substrate limitation.     

OsESV1基因对水稻淀粉合成的影响

【目的】 研究水稻EARLY STARVATION1 (OsESV1)基因对水稻淀粉代谢的影响。【方法】 通过CRISPR-Cas9技术获得osesv1突变体,考查osesv1的表型及胚乳淀粉的理化特性,分析OsESV1的表达特性及相关功能。【结果】 OsESV1蛋白在植物界中十分保守。osesv1突变体株高、穗长、每穗粒数低于野生型,分蘖数显著多于野生型,叶片中淀粉含量显著下降,籽粒中的直链淀粉含量上升,而总淀粉含量无明显变化。OsESV1呈组成型表达,并且具有昼夜节律表达的特征。OsESV1蛋白定位在叶绿体内且呈点状分布。酵母双杂交和双分子荧光互补实验结果表明OsESV1蛋白可以与ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶小亚基(OsAGPS) 2a和OsAGPS1互作。【结论】 OsESV1基因影响水稻叶片的淀粉合成途径,而对胚乳淀粉合成的影响不明显。     

基因型和环境及其互作对糜子主要农艺性状的影响

为了进一步了解基因型、环境及其互作对糜子主要农艺性状的影响,运用联合方差和AMMI模型对6个糜子新品种(粳性)在11个不同环境试点的生育期、株高、主茎节数、主穗长、穗粒重、千粒重和产量等7个主要农艺性状的表现及其品种稳定性与适应性进行了研究。结果表明,糜子主要农艺性状在不同基因型以及环境之间存在极显著差异,其中基因型对主茎节数、环境对株高、基因型与环境互作对穗粒重的影响较大。各品种7个农艺性状指标的变异系数中,最大的是产量,达42.72%,其次是穗粒重和株高,分别为37.90%和26.74%,变异系数最小的是生育期,为14.89%。各试点中产量最高的是甘9133-1-3-4-1,品种稳定性最好的是榆糜3号(CK)。宁夏彭阳和陕西延安试点产量较高,变异程度较小,对品种鉴别力较好。     

烤烟雄性不育系经济性状与环境互作的适应性及稳定性

通过对MSK326，MS云烟85，MS云烟87等3个烤烟雄性不育系在12个不同生态区的联合方差分析，得出烤烟雄性不育系由于生态区的不同，主要经济性状存在显著差异；通过对主要经济性状与环境互作的适应性及稳定性综合分析，MS云烟87的适应性及稳定性表现较好，MSK326表现其次，MS云烟85表现稍差．     

长江中游某矿区水体和沉积物重金属来源解析及分布特征和生态风险评估

为探究长江中游沿江某矿区周边水-沉积物重金属分布特征、潜在风险及其来源,本研究以江西省北部某矿区周边水体及其沉积物中7种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn)为研究对象,通过多点采样分析其在地表水-沉积物系统中的污染特征,并运用单因子评价指数和地累积指数(I_geo)分别对地表水和沉积物中所含重金属进行风险评价,最后通过正定矩阵因子分析(Positive definite matrix factorization,PMF)模型解析沉积物中重金属来源。结果表明：受酸性矿山废水直排影响,该地区地表水和沉积物酸化严重,pH最低分别为2.12和2.62。水体和沉积物中,以Cu、Zn和Cd超标较为严重,水体中分别为0.001～46.96、0.01～122.90、ND～64.97 mg·L^-1,沉积物中分别为21.30～1 840.61、54.20～1 487.55、0.04～18.73 mg·kg^-1,其中以Cd点位超标率最高(68.97%)。风险评价结果表明,超过50%的点位受到Cu和Cd的污染,属于重度风险等级,且多...     

水稻品种与水稻细菌性条斑病菌的互作机制

水稻叶片接种3d后，水稻细菌性条斑病菌开始在叶片上大量增殖；接种10d后，病菌数量开始保持相对的稳定，但感病品种上的菌量比抗病品种上的菌量在10倍左右，病斑在接种后第3d开始出现，接种10d以后，病斑在感病品种上能继续快速发展，而在抗病品种上开始受到抑制，通过对抗病和感病品种叶片上的气孔观测发现，感病品种的气孔密度和气孔长度一般都较抗病品种大，相关分析表明，气孔长度理发师品种抗性相关。接种后对PAL酶的活性测定结果表明，PAL酶的活性与品种抗性呈负相关关系。     

区域尺度喀斯特区石漠化强度对土壤流失的影响

石漠化和水土流失是西南喀斯特区突出的生态问题,制约着社会经济的发展。目前,石漠化与土壤流失的耦合关系尚未系统探明,石漠化强度评价因子植被盖度、土层厚度和基岩裸露率的交互作用如何影响土壤流失知之甚少。基于石漠化现状的调查,采用RUSLE模型、Getis?OrdGi*、地理探测器等方法,测算了贵州喀斯特区土壤侵蚀状况并识别了冷热区分布,量化了石漠化强度评价因子与土壤侵蚀之间的关系,解析了因子组合对土壤流失的交互影响。结果表明：1）贵州喀斯特区土壤侵蚀以中度和微度侵蚀为主,平均土壤流失率17.69 t/(hm2·a),侵蚀热区（重点防治区）主要集中在贵州西部经济相对欠发达区,侵蚀冷区（轻微区）则主要集中在黔北遵义市和黔中贵阳市等经济相对发达区。2）土壤流失随石漠化强度评价指标植被盖度、土层厚度的增加呈降低趋势,随基岩裸露率的增加则呈增加趋势;石漠化与土壤流失之间并非简单的线性关系,而呈复杂的非线性关系,3个评价因子分别以三次曲线函数、指数函数和反正弦函数拟合优度最高。3）石漠化强度评价因子对土壤流失空间分异的解释力依次为植被盖度、基岩裸露率和土层厚度,且因子组合对土壤流失的交互影响均呈非线性增强,其中基岩裸露率与植被盖度的交互作用起主导作用,其次是土层厚度与植被盖度,基岩裸露率与土层厚度的解释力最小。研究结果可为喀斯特区水土流失、石漠化的协同防治提供理论参考。