关于生物类基础化学教学中应用“问题学习法”的探讨

本文通过课前、课堂、课后三个部分的问题设置,紧扣教学大纲,紧密联系中学化学和后续课程中相关知识,体现理论联系实际、学科前沿。引领学生主动学习,积极思考,为后续课程学习起到积极的、有效的铺垫作用。     

家兔豆状囊尾蚴病用药效果观察

在家兔的寄生虫病中,除球虫病和疥癣外,豆状囊尾蚴(豆状带绦虫的幼虫)所引起的疾病是较普遍和较严重的一种。由于临床用药不规范,治疗效果欠佳,严重影响了养兔专业户的经济效益和养兔业的发展,因此,本文将近几年的病例资料加以整理,得出治疗豆状囊尾蚴病的首选药是甲苯咪唑。     

蝗虫微孢子与昆虫生长调节剂协同控制草原蝗虫作用机制

蝗虫微孢子（Paranosema locustae, PL）是重要的防蝗生物制剂,其与昆虫生长调节剂（insect growth regulator, IGR）协同使用有利于蝗虫可持续治理。本文通过田间超低喷雾和扫网调查等方法在青海蝗区开展协调应用PL和IGR防治草原蝗虫的作用及其机理研究。首先明确青海蝗区的主要蝗虫种类为宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettix palpalis、小翅雏蝗Chorthippus fallax、狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius、毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus harbipes、鼓翅皱膝蝗Angaracris barabensis等;结果证明PL与IGR协调应用,可有效抑制草原蝗虫种群增长,且可保持存活蝗虫感病率在较高水平,对优势种宽须蚁蝗和小翅雏蝗等的持续控制作用明显。结果明确了微生物制剂和IGR协同防治蝗虫的短期与长期、速效与长效的协同作用,为防治高密度蝗虫提供新的绿色防控策略。     

柞蚕饲料转化效率的遗传模型与基因效应值的估算

利用2对柞蚕杂交组合8821×四青、8822×青6号的6个世代材料,对柞蚕茧重转化率和茧层生产率两个数量性状进行了遗传分析,结果表明:茧重转化率的基因作用复杂,不符合加-显性遗传模型,存在着基因互作,且显性互作大于显性效应,使茧重转化率增加;茧层生产率的基因作用符合简单的加-显性遗传模型,显性效应为正值,使茧层生产率增加。     

辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部分体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的研究

为明确辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部分（n-butanol part of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L.,FNB）体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PPRSV）的效果。本研究以Marc-145细胞和PPRSV弱毒疫苗毒株（TJM-F92）为对象,通过CCK-8法检测FNB对细胞的毒性作用,并检测先给药后接毒、先接毒后给药、药物与病毒同时作用这3种方式处理细胞后药物对病毒的抑制率。结果发现,FNB对细胞的最大安全浓度为500 μg/mL,因此,选择25~500 μg/mL浓度范围的FNB进行后续试验。各浓度的FNB处理病毒后,能不同程度的抑制PRRSV在细胞上的增殖,并呈现一定的剂量效应关系,药物的浓度越高,抗病毒效果越好。其中,先接毒后给药、药物与病毒同时作用这两种方式抗PRRSV效果显著,在25~500 μg/mL浓度范围内细胞存活率分别为21.55%~65.23%和24.85%~73.60%。而先给药后接毒,不能有效降低病毒的感染力,在药物最高剂量（500 μg/mL）时细胞存活率仅为7.00%,抗病毒效果不明显。FNB预先作用于Marc-145细胞虽未降低PRRSV感染细胞的能力,即药物对于PRRSV预防作用效果不理想,但是FNB对病毒感染细胞后呈现一定的作用,药物能够通过抑制病毒的合成、释放及直接杀灭病毒,进而能够有效抑制PRRSV在细胞上的增殖。本试验结果不仅为FNB在临床上治疗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）提供参考依据,而且可以为辣蓼的深度开发和利用提供理论依据。     

不同纯化浓缩方法制备的新城疫疫苗对SPF鸡免疫效果的研究

为研究利用不同纯化浓缩方法制备的新城疫疫苗对SPF鸡免疫效果的影响,试验取经过纯化浓缩的新城疫抗原制备的疫苗、经离心未经浓缩的抗原制备成的疫苗和经浓缩未离心的抗原制备成的疫苗分别免疫30日龄SPF鸡,免疫后分别在第7d、14 d、21 d、28 d、35 d、45 d、70 d、90 d采集血清检测新城疫抗体水平。结果表明,经浓缩纯化后抗原制备的疫苗与其他两组抗原制备的疫苗相比,物理外观性状基本相同,浓缩纯化后抗原制备的疫苗其单位抗原含量更高、杂质更少,抗体水平更高,统计数据显示差异显著。因此研究得出,浓缩倍数(即抗原含量)越高,抗体水平越高,持续的时间也越长。     

Fit of Wood's function to daily milk records and estimation of environmental and additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters of crossbred dual purpose cattle

The objectives of this study were to estimate the environmental and additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters of crosses of Holstein (H), Brahman (B) and Brown Swiss (BS) in Olancho region in Honduras. The data consisted of 54,517 milk yield records from 192 dual-purpose crossbred cows lactating from 2000 to 2005 at the Universidad Nacional de Agricultura de Honduras (UNA). The lactation curve and lactation parameters of interest were the scaling factor to represent yield at the beginning of lactation (a), the factor associated with the inclining (b) and declining (c) slopes of the lactation curves, and the milk yield at initial day of lactation (MY₂₀), peak milk yield (MY_max), day at peak milk yield (t_max), and the total milk yield (TM) per lactation, respectively. The incomplete gamma function (Wood function) was used to estimate lactation curve and lactation parameters from daily milk records of H × B, H × BS and BS × B crossbred cows. The environmental, additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters were estimated using Dickerson and Kinghorn models. The coefficients of determination of fitness of Wood's function (R²) ranged from 80% to 97% with an average of 93%. The lactation curve of the crossbred cows was similar to those reported for dairy cows grazing in the tropics. Lactation parameters such as MY_max, t_max and TM were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by environmental sources of variation suggesting the necessity of differential management strategies. The moderate to large positive phenotypic correlation of MY_max and TM indicate that one of the milk yield parameters could be used as a selection criterion to improve either one or both traits. Despite the fact that both genetic models showed similar patterns, the absolute value of the parameters varied. For both models, individual additive genetic breed effect for H breed were significant (P < 0.05) and contributed more to TM than the BS breed. In the Dickerson model, highly positive significant (P < 0.01) effect on TM for H×BS and BS×B crosses was found. The Kinghorn model did not show significant effects of dominance on this parameter. The estimate of recombination effect for all crosses involving B breed were negative and significant (P < 0.05) for positive correlated lactation curve parameters. Although the inclusion of non-additive effects on crossbreeding genetic effects were not all significant for lactation curve and lactation parameters, non-additive effects should be taken into account to improve the Honduran dairy cattle production management.     

Lock-in and Unlocking of Technological Innovation Path

技术创新路径锁定是一个历史依赖过程,路径锁定的根本原因在于各类技术之间存在巨大转移成本和潜在不同市场均衡。报酬递增效应、自增强机制以及群体博弈均会影响到市场对技术的选择,这种选择会使技术发展陷入固定轨道。研究了技术创新路径锁定机理、锁定效应以及解锁模式,从提高参与人认知能力、改善外部环境、实施利益诱导和外部冲击四个方面提出实现技术创新解锁的途径。     

病芽的不同处理对桑赤锈病流行的影响

在完全开放的自然环境中,桑赤锈病发病初期病芽的两种不同处理,对桑赤锈病流行趋势的影响是不同的,不剥除病芽处理区病情呈快速增长状态,拟合方程为:Y=5.82654-1.18242X 0.24296X2;剥除病芽处理区,病情稳定在较低水平,拟合方程为:Y=5.08598-2.6384X 0.4225X2-0.01865X3;方差分析表明,不同处理间的差异达到显著水平.二方程进行显著性检验分别达到了极显著和显著水平.说明剥除发病初期病芽对控制桑赤锈病流行效果显著,也可实现对桑赤锈病的可持续控制.     

30味中药提取物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌体外抑菌作用研究

为筛选与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌具有协同抑菌作用的中药提取物,采用试管二倍稀释法测定30味中药醇提物、水提物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,采用棋盘稀释法测定30味中药醇提物、水提物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌的部分抑菌浓度（FIC）,采用有机溶剂萃取法初步追踪与环丙沙星联用具有协同抑菌作用的中药萃取物的体外抑菌效果。结果显示,所选30味中药的水提物、醇提物对猪源链球菌均具有一定的抑菌作用,佩兰、黄连、枳壳、郁金等中药醇提物、水提物对猪源链球菌（pf—ce）抑菌活性较强,苍术水提物等对猪源链球菌的抑菌作用较弱;佩兰醇提物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌的协同抑菌作用最强;佩兰醇提物的乙酸乙酯萃取物、氯仿萃取物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌分别具有协同、相加抑菌作用。