Relationship Between Heterosis and Parental Genetic Distance Based on Molecular Markers for Functional Genes Related to Yield Traits in Rice

The genetic distances among 18 cytoplasmic male sterile lines and 11 restorer lines were analyzed with molecular markers derived from yield-related functional genes.The correlation between parental genetic distance and heterosis was investigated by analyzing the performance of 47 combinations.The results showed that the genetic distance was significantly correlated with yield heterosis(r=0.29*),but not significantly correlated with heterosis for other traits,such as number of effective panicles per plant,se...     

扬稻6号差异表达基因与杂种优势关系分析

为探讨扬稻6号的杂种优势分子机理,以扬稻6号、特膏和明恢63配制的强、中、弱优势组合及其亲本为材料,利用DD-PCR技术。分析剑叶和幼穗的基因差异表达类型与主要农艺性状的杂种表现及杂种优势的关系。结果表明：千粒重与剑叶的DMP2（F1和父本表达的条带）和幼穗的UNP1（母本特异表达的条带）、UMONO（F1和双亲都沉默的条带）呈显著正相关,而与幼穗的UNF1（F1特异表达的条带）和MONO（F1和双亲都表达的条带）呈显著负相关。在超亲优势方面千粒重与幼穗的UNF1呈显著负相关。推测杂种优势可能受父本基因型影响较大。此外,分别克隆强、弱优势F1闻差异表达的条带,反Southem鉴定出40个差异表达基因。涉及光合作用、生物运输、逆境应答、转录调控、信号转导、糖代谢、氨基酸代谢等。     

甘蓝型油菜利用自交不亲和性的杂种优势

以一个自交不亲和系1010为共同母本与6个品种杂交,产生6个F_1代.用平均优势率、超亲优势率和对照优势率测定了F_1代的优势表现。结果表明,小区产量、主花序长、叶丛期叶长叶宽及主花序角果数的优势较强.讨论了三个优势指数的关系、杂种优势形成的原因及亲子间的相关性。     

K型杂交小麦粒重的遗传分析

１９９３～１９９５年用５个Ｋ型小麦不育系与７个恢复系进行不完整双列杂交，分析杂种粒重杂种优势的遗传特性。结果表明，Ｋ型杂交小麦的粒重遗传符合加性——显性模型，加性效应更为重要，高粒重属增效基因，对低粒重为部分显性。根据Ｆ２方差、遗传力、亲本增效基因携带、相关回归及杂种优势分析，母本对杂种的粒重起主导作用，存在明显的母本效应，随母本粒重的增加，出现正平均优势和正超亲优势组合频率增加     

6个杏鲍菇菌株及其杂交子代的酯酶同工酶分析

对6个杏鲍菇菌株进行了酯酶同工酶酶谱检测,分析了菌株间的亲缘关系,并用聚类的方法对菌株间的遗传差异进行了分析。通过单孢杂交育种,获得23个杂交组合,对杂交亲本和子代酯酶同工酶酶谱分析比较,预测杂交子代杂种优势的强弱。     

普通小麦不同优势杂交种及其亲本之间基因表达差异比较研究

为探讨小麦杂种优势形成的分子机理,本研究选用普通小麦品种（系）3338,6554和2410TD及其强优势杂种Ⅰ（3338×6655）和弱优势杂种Ⅱ（2410TD×6555）,采用mRNA差异显示技术,对生长至三叶一心（即分蘖初期）和产生二级分蘖时（即分蘖盛期）的幼苗叶片基因表达差异进行了比较研究。结果表明,小麦杂种一代苗期基因表达较亲本明显不同,表现为数量水平和质量水平上的差异,但与分蘖初期相比,小麦杂交种与亲本之间在分蘖盛期的基因表达差异更明显,并且在分蘖初期主要为量的表达差异,而生长至分蘖盛期时,质的表达差异比例显著增高,这表明小麦杂交种与亲本间的基因表达差异与发育时期有关。分析发现,强优势杂种Ⅰ与其亲本间的差异表达基因比例明显高于弱优势杂种Ⅱ。另外,无论分蘖初期或盛期,在强优势杂种组合Ⅰ中,增强型和沉默型所占比例均明显高于弱优势杂种组合Ⅱ,而单亲表达减弱型比例则较杂种组合Ⅱ低。本文还对mRNA差异显示中扩增产物的检测方法及杂种和亲本基因表达差异与杂种优势的关系进行了分析和讨论。     

Developmental Genetics Analysis for Plant Height in indica Hybrid Rice Across Environments

The developmental genetics of plant height was analyzed from two groups of three-line indica hybrid rice at two environmental conditions based on the NCII design, using the additive-dominant developmental genetics models and the statistic methods. The results showed that the rice genotypes and environmental conditions could both affect plant height, and the effects of environment on plant height decreased gradually with plant development. Additive and dominant effects both governed the performance of plant height at all developmental stages. However, the degrees of effect varied among the rice genotypes. Moreover, the interaction between environments and genotypes also affected plant height. The genetic effects differed at most developmental stages. Furthermore, the expression of additive effect was more active than that of dominant effect. Conditional interaction effects with environment also influenced plant height during genetic development, especially at the early stage. Mid-parent heterosis (HMP) increased gradually with the developmental stage of plant height, and maximized at the latest stage, whereas the heterosis over the better parent (HBP) showed small differences among the genotypes, and kept stable at the later stage, with positive numeric value. At most developmental stages, conditional HMP was positively significant, while conditional HBP was negatively significant. All above results suggest that HMP and HBP have some new expressions in all developmental periods and the levels and directions are quite different.     

Crosses between two subspecies of bay scallop Argopecten irradians and heterosis for yield traits at harvest

In order to improve the yield of bay scallop Argopecten irradians by exploiting geographic subspecies heterosis, crosses between and within two subspecies, the northern A. i. irradians (Lamarck) and the southern A. i. concentricus (Say), were created and the offspring were cultured under the same environmental conditions. The two parental populations were collected from Bohai Bay in northern China and Beibu Bay in southern China, which were distinct in particular shell colours. The results indicated that the shell colour of bay scallop was inheritable and could be used as a morphological mark to distinguish hybrid and purebred individuals. At harvest, hybrid offspring always produced a significantly higher yield than purebred offspring. Positive heterosis was achieved for shell length, shell height, shell width, total weight and adductor weight, which was 5.02, 5.22, 3.88, 7.53 and 9.47 respectively. Hybrid gain was 10.86% for shell length, 10.48% for shell height, 9.77% for shell width, 34.90% for total weight and 41.69% for adductor weight, respectively, and all were significantly >5%. The present study reveals that it is effective for improving yield by hybridization between different geographic subspecies in the bay scallop.     

大黄鱼选育群体与野生群体杂交 F1生长性状研究

利用大黄鱼野生群体与选育F1养殖群体杂交及群体内自繁,获得选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）、野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）、野生（♀）×野生（♂）和选育F1（♀）×选育F1（♂）4个组合的子代,对其卵径、油球径以及2～10月龄全长、体长和体质量进行分析比较。试验结果表明,选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）卵径最大,并与野生（♀）×野生（♂）之间存在显著性差异（P＜0．05）,4个群体油球径差异不显著（P＞0．05）;体质量是大黄鱼群体间杂交主要表现的生长性状,9月龄体质量双亲杂种优势最大为14．48％,野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）体质量杂种优势最大为25．68％;野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）的全长特定生长率为1．92％／d ,体质量为5．60％／d及选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）体长为1．99％／d ,是4个群体中最大特定生长率;拟合体长（L）与体质量（m）关系,选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）为 m＝0．0277L2．8045（r2＝0．9980）,野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）为 m＝0．0210 L2．9287（r2＝0．9993）,野生（♀）×野生（♂）为 m＝0．0236 L2．8592（r2＝0．9916）,选育F1（♀）×选育F1（♂）为 m＝0．0228 L2．8946（r2＝0．9984）。试验结果表明,通过野生群体与选育养殖群体的杂交能提高大黄鱼子代的经济性状。