Self-compatibility and heterosis in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Inbred lines of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) have been produced utilising the rare self-fertility (Sf) allele. Twenty-two lines of four distinct groups have been maintained through five generations of selfing by single seed descent. Fourteen lines were used in crosses to produce F¹s. Both parents and hybrids were analysed for a range of morphological characters. Positive heterosis for dry matter production was observed in half the hybrids. No other trait showed significant heterosis. The degree of heterosis appears to be related to the extent of variation in morphological characters between the parental lines, some combinations of lines yielding heterotic hybrids in all cases, others in none. The majority of the F¹ hybrids are superior in terms of dry matter production to eight control varieties. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

白兰杂种F1种间杂种优势形成的水分胁迫抗性生理基础

运用林木遗传学和逆境生理学的原理和方法,研究了白兰种间正反杂种F1杂种优势形成的水分胁迫抗性生理基础。结果表明:杂种叶片具有在水分胁迫状态下抗失水、维持叶绿素单位面积质量、保持蛋白质单位面积质量、降低RNase活力升高速率等4种超亲杂种优势现象。蛋白质生物合成抑制剂取得的证据表明水分胁迫状态下双亲叶片RNase活力的升高除涉及到细胞质mRNA翻译外,还可能涉及到叶绿体和/或线粒体RNase的释放、活化、合成,而正反交F1杂种叶片RNase活力升高主要来自于细胞质mRNA的翻译,而与叶绿体、线粒体的关联不密切。     

大豆杂种后代蛋白质含量的遗传研究 Ⅰ.杂种优势和配合力分析

作者利用蛋白质含量低×中、中×高的二组不完全双列杂交的F_1资料,分析了蛋白质含量的杂种优势和配合力。结果表明,F_1代的蛋白质含量表现为部分杂种优势,高蛋白含量呈部分显性。细胞质效应在组合间表现不同,有的组合达显著水平。一般配合力高×高的组合的杂种优势较强。亲本的一般配合力的高低与特殊配合力的高低并不一致。     

Population means and correlation analyses of growth parameters in lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Shinn.)

Summary The variation in growth characteristics among lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Shinn.) genotypes was investigated. The genetic control of several growth parameters was studied by analysing parental, F1, BC1 and F2 populations. The parameters analysed were stem elongation rate (SE), stem diameter (SD), leaf width (LW), number of nodes (NN), node length (NL) and days to flowering (DF). The genotypes tested exhibited great variation for all parameters. A particularly wide variation was noted for SE, ranging from 3 to 56 mm/week. This variation was partially attributed to a differential sensitivity to rosette formation. There was a marked positive heterosis for SE, SD, LW and NN; these parameters proved to be genetically correlated within segregating populations. DF was slightly negatively correlated with SE, NN and NL. It was concluded that SE and DF were independently controlled.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 1196-E, 1993 series.     

Heterosis and Genetic Variances and their Implications for Breeding Improved Varieties of Spring Beans (Vicia faba L.)*

Handcrosses were made in a factorial manner with 24 Vicia faba inbred lines m three sets, each between four male and four female parents. The resulting 48 hybrids, their parental inbreds and three commercial varieties were grown in performance trials during the years 1985—87 with three replications at one location. Yield and yield components were recorded on single plant basis. The average superiority of the hybrids above the control varieties was 26 % in plant yield. The best crosses outyielded the controls by more than 50 %. However, a few inbred lines also reached, the yield level of the controls. The average heterosis was significant for all characters except for maturity date. In plant yield the average heterosis was 75%, ranging between 34% and 148% in the various cross combinations. The highest average heterosis of 110 % was observed in yield at the lateral stems. In all characters the best inbreds were superior to the lower hybrids and in some characters even equal to the average of the hybrids. A strong positive relationship was found for all characters between hybrid performance and mid-parent value and between the per se performance of the inbreds and their general combining ability. Genotypic differences between the hybrids as well as between the inbreds were highly significant. Most of the variability between the hybrids in all characters were attributed to general combining, ability with only little evidence for specific combining ability. In the discussion the results are evaluated according to the choice of the breeding category of the partial allogamous faba bean species.     

杂种小麦强优势组合选配规律的研究 Ⅱ.配合力分析

利用16×16完全双列杂交的120个杂种 F_1及相应的亲本进行了配合力分析。结果表明:同一性状不同亲本间或同一亲本不同性状间一般配合力有明显差异;同一性状不同组合或同一组合不同性状间特殊配合力也存在明显差异。所测120个组合各性状的杂种优势与特殊配合力均存在极显著正相关。有些组合特殊配合力较低,但仍可表现较强的杂种优势,经Gardner & Eberhart 配合力模型分析,证明这些组合的一般配合力效应中含有较高的杂种优势效应。若双亲一般配合力效应中杂种优势效应都较低,即使该组合特殊配合力较高,也难以表现明显杂种优势,强优势组合选配应在亲本高一般配合力的基础上选择高特殊配合力组合。     

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthetic Parameters and its Evaluation in Pearl Millet Hybrid and its Parents

Fully expanded leaf occupying topmost position in a field grown pearl millet hybrid (BJ-104) and its parents (J-104 and 5141-A) were analysed at weekly intervals for chlorophylls, Hill activity and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity. Large ontogenic drifts in these parameters, made the actual comparison between hybrid and parents, difficult. However, up to 52 d the hybrid leaf possessed considerably higher chlorophyll pigments than its parents. Amongst the inbreds, the male parent was initially better than the female parent while at later stages, the trend was reversed. Hill activity and PEPcase were more in the male than in the female parent and the hybrid followed the better parent. Rate limiting steps for productivity, measured as NAR (g dry weight)⁻¹, were worked out in the female parent, using multiple regression and correlation analysis, and the significance of such an analysis is discussed in relation to plant productivity.     

Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation and Transamination in Relation to Hybrid Vigour in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke)

Changes in the activities of enzymes of ammonia assimilation viz., glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT), together with the activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were analysed in the topmost fully expanded leaf of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke) hybrid BJ-104 , and its parents, J-104 and 5141-A , during the entire period of growth in field. Ammonia assimilation enzymes showed strong ontogenic trends and the hybrid attained activities either equal to the better (male) parent or showed better parental heterosis. In contrast to this both GOT and GPT activities were slightly higher than the poor (female) parent. The role of these enzymes in relation to chlorophyll synthesis and transport of metabolites from cellular compartments of C₄ plants, are discussed. Surveying the literature on attempts to propose biochemical criteria for hybrid vigour, it is proposed that there cannot be a universal criterion, rather rate limiting steps in different cultivars should be searched.     

转基因玉米转化体特异性PCR检测技术研究

根据不同转基因玉米中重组DNA结构,分别对转基因玉米Bt11、Bt176、Mon810、Mon863、TC1507、GA21和NK603设计转化体特异性引物进行PCR检测。在此基础上分别以玉米内参照基因(ZSSIIb)作对照,对Bt11、Mon810、TC1507和GA21、NK603、Bt176分别作两对四重PCR反应,实现在同一个PCR反应管中同时对3种转基因玉米及内参照基因的特异性检测。     

水稻功能叶性状的遗传分析

以籼型水稻13个不育系和19个恢复系为材料,按NCⅡ交配设计配制两套杂交组合（7×10和9×9）,在四川泸州和重庆北碚两个不同的生态环境下,研究水稻剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶的遗传特征。剑叶宽、倒2叶长和宽、倒3叶长的遗传变异是由加性和显性效应共同引起的,但叶宽是加性效应占主导地位,而叶长则以显性效应为主,剑叶长的遗传变异主要由显性效应引起,倒3叶宽的遗传变异则主要由加性效应引起。功能叶各性状的加性效应与环境互作不显著,而叶长的显性效应与环境互作均达到显著或极显著水平。两套组合中叶宽的狭义遗传率均大于叶长,其中最大的是倒2叶宽,分别为58.65%和48.19%。叶长和叶宽均表现出不同程度的中亲优势或负向超亲优势,其中,叶长和叶宽的中亲优势率变幅为446%（倒3叶宽,第1套）~27.53%（倒3叶长,第2套）,而6个功能叶性状的杂种优势指数则均大于100%。