萝卜叶片和肉质根硫代葡萄糖苷组分与含量分析

采用HPLC分析法对‘滁州小五缨’、‘古岭夏萝卜’和‘云南白萝卜’3个萝卜品种叶片和肉质根的硫苷进行了分析。结果表明,3个地方品种叶片和肉质根硫苷组分相同,均含6种脂肪族硫苷和3种吲哚族硫苷,但品种及器官之间的硫苷含量存在显著差异。3个品种肉质根总硫苷含量分别为22.59,12.44和27.94 mg/g DM,其中95%以上是脂肪族硫苷。3个品种肉质根总硫苷与总脂肪族硫苷含量分别是叶片2.6～4.9倍与2.8～6.0倍;‘滁州小五缨’肉质根总吲哚族硫苷含量是叶片17倍,而‘古岭夏萝卜’和‘云南白萝卜’却只有0.37和0.77倍。4-甲基硫代-3-丁烯基硫苷是肉质根和叶片主要硫苷组分,相对含量分别为90.43%～93.92%和62.42%～74.05%。结果表明萝卜肉质根和叶片都含有丰富的硫苷,且不同品种以及器官之间的硫苷含量差异显著。     

In vitro inhibition of mycelial growth of Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan from different hosts by Brassicaceae species. Effect of the developmental stage of the biofumigant plants

BACKGROUND: The hydrolysis products of glucosinolates in Brassicaceae tissues are potentially useful for the control of fungal pathogens. The in vitro activity of these products against Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan was studied, with the isolates exposed to the volatile products released from the brassica tissues. RESULTS: The four species of Brassicaceae tested inhibited the mycelial growth of P. nicotianae isolates. The most effective developmental stage was different, depending on the species: buds yellowing in Sinapis alba L. and Brassica carinata A. Braun; seeds enlarging and all buds open in Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch; cauliflower still covered by leaves in Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis. At this stage, B. nigra and S. alba were the most effective (53.6 and 52.5% inhibition respectively). With all the biofumigants species tested, isolates from pepper plants were more susceptible to the brassica effect than those from tomato isolates. CONCLUSION: The developmental stage of plants has an influence on the biofumigant potential of Brassicaceae species against P. nicotianae. The isolates differ in susceptibility to compounds released, depending on their host of origin, suggesting the differentiation of populations of P. nicotianae in relation to the host of origin. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Transgressive segregation for reduced glucosinolate content in Brassica carinata A. Braun

Successful commercial utilization of the meal by‐product of Brassica oilseed crops requires the cultivation of cultivars with low glucosinolate (GSL) content in the seeds; however, such cultivars are not yet available in Brassica carinata. The objective of the present research was to search for transgressive segregants with further‐reduced GSL content in the progeny of crosses involving four B. carinata lines with reduced GSL content (90 compared with 120 μmol/g seed in standard germplasm). The four lines were crossed following a diallel design and F₂ phenotypes (F₃ seed bulked) were analysed for GSL content. F₂ phenotypes with a transgressive GSL content lower than the parents were identified in all crosses involving the line S2–1241, suggesting that this line carries alleles for reduced GSL content not present in the other lines. F_{3 : 4} lines from transgressive F₂ phenotypes were evaluated for 2 years, which resulted in the selection of an F_{3 : 4} line with an average GSL content of 58 and 46 μmol/g seed, respectively compared with 84 and 62 μmol/g seed, respectively in S2–1241.     

Inheritance of progoitrin and total aliphatic glucosinolates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L)

Inheritance of progoitrin and total aliphatic glucosinolate concentrations were investigated in oilseed rape, using parental, F₁, F₂ and first backcross generations, derived from a cross between resynthesized spring rape and a double-low spring rape cultivar. Progoitrin and total aliphatic glucosinolate concentrations were measured in mature seeds of single plants from these generations, using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. For progoitrin, an additive/dominance model of gene action adequately explained the variation among the generation means, but for total aliphatic glucosinolate concentration, non-allelic interactions were also detected. Predictions based on estimates of the genetic parameters indicated that recombinant inbred lines, rather than second cycle hybrids, appeared to offer a better prospect of reducing glucosinolate concentrations in this material. Estimates of the minimum number of genes controlling these two characters were broadly in line with the number required for the known stages of their biosynthesis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison between the effects of feeding copper sulphate-treated and untreated rapeseed cake containing high glucosinolates on rumen fermentation,nutrient digestion and nitrogen metabolism in steers

Two trials were carried out to study the effects of copper sulphate (CuSO₄) on detoxifying glucosinolates (GLS) in rapeseed cake (RSC) and compare the effects of feeding CuSO₄-treated and untreated RSC on nutrient digestion and nitrogen (N) metabolism in steers. In Trial 1, different concentrations of CuSO₄ solution (1.6 vs. 3.2 g CuSO₄·5H₂O L⁻¹), soaking temperatures (25 vs. 60°C) and drying methods (air drying at 60°C vs. freeze drying) were allocated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in vitro. In Trial 2, six steers and dietary inclusions of untreated RSC (control), CuSO₄-treated RSC and CuSO₄-added RSC were assigned in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. CuSO₄ treatment in vitro decreased the contents of GLS and thiocyanate (TC) in RSC (p < 0.001). The total amount of GLS and TC decreased by 62.7–68.5% for all treatments. The animal trial showed that CuSO₄-treated RSC inclusion decreased ruminal concentration of valerate (p < 0.01), whereas it did not affect ruminal pH, ammonia N and total volatile fatty acids. Compared with the control, feeding CuSO₄-treated or CuSO₄-added RSC had no effect on plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, N excretion and N retention. CuSO₄-treated RSC tended to increase neutral detergent fibre digestibility (p = 0.072) and urinary excretion of urea (p = 0.056). Urinary excretion of purine derivatives (p = 0.076) and rumen microbial N supply (p = 0.084) tended to decrease when feeding CuSO₄-treated RSC versus control. TC was found to be the only metabolite of GLS in rumen fluid, plasma and urine. It was feasible to detoxify GLS in RSC using low CuSO₄ at room temperature. However, feeding CuSO₄-treated or CuSO₄-added RSC had minor effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion and N metabolism in steers. CuSO₄ treatment on RSC for feeding steers seems to be unnecessary.     

菜籽饼去毒方法的分析与评价

菜籽饼含粗蛋白35～45％,氧基酸组成也接近世界粮农组织推荐值,是一大植物蛋白资源,它的开发利用意义很大。本文对现有菜籽饼脱毒方法进行了较为详细的描述,对其优、缺点做了分析与评价,并且结合我们实验情况认为水浸与微生物降解脱毒法较为理想,有推广价值。     

青花菜总硫代葡萄糖苷提取工艺的优化

以青花菜中青9号品种为试材,从灭酶处理、干燥处理和提取条件3个方面对青花菜花球中总硫代葡萄糖苷提取工艺进行优化。运用氯化钯分光光度法,比较分析经过不同处理后的青花菜花球总硫代葡萄糖苷含量,以期筛选出总硫苷提取的最佳工艺。结果表明,不同处理对青花菜花球中总硫代葡萄糖苷含量的影响有一定差异。加入100℃蒸馏水后80℃热处理15 min的灭酶处理,70℃鼓风干燥,乙醇浓度90%、料液比1∶9、提取温度60℃、提取时间30 min的提取条件下测得青花菜花球中总硫苷含量(b)最高,为414.98μmol·g-1,此处理为青花菜花球中总硫苷提取最佳工艺。     

一种国产近红外仪分析油菜籽三种主要品质参数研究

利用中国农业科学院油料作物研究所研制的NYDL-3000智能型多参数粮油品质速测仪分析了油菜籽含油量、硫甙和芥酸含量,测定结果与传统化学方法进行了比较,其中含油量结果与PC-120核磁共振仪和MATRIX-I傅立叶变换近红外光谱仪做验证。内部交叉验证结果显示：含油量、硫甙和芥酸含量的决定系数R2分别为0.954 3、0.985 3和0.982 3,均方差分别为0.0469 、0.419 8和0.160 4,T检验显示三种品质参数交叉验证集的近红外光谱法（NYDL-3000）预测值和化学值差异均不显著。外部检验结果表明：硫甙含量、含油量两种方法测定值的相关系数分别为0.837 6和0.951 7,平均绝对误差分别为7.54％和0.02％,均在平均绝对误差允许的范围之内;成对数据双尾t检验表明,近红外光谱法和化学法两者结果差异不显著。芥酸分析中,NYDL-3000将342份样品中3份低芥酸材料判定为高芥酸,近红外光谱法和化学法两者结果符合率达99.12%。含油量的测定结果显示：NYDL-3000和PC-120、MATRIX-I结果的相关系数分别为0.956 6和0.901 5,平均绝对误差分别为0.78％和3.06％。研究结果表明,利用NYDL-3000智能型多参数粮油品质速测仪所建立的品质模型可以满足油菜育种对早代材料芥酸、硫甙含量和含油量的快速测定要求。     

白菜硫代葡萄糖甙合成中MAM 的进化分析

【目的】探索硫代葡萄糖甙合成中关键基因-甲基硫代烷烃基苹果酸合成酶（methylthioalkylmalate,MAM）基因在白菜基因组中的进化情况,为研究白菜MAM的功能提供理论指导。【方法】根据白菜数据库BARD信息分析拟南芥、盐芥和白菜MAM的共线性关系,利用MEME在线软件预测MAM序列的高度保守基序（motif）,通过R软件分析93份白菜材料MAM的表达模式,并利用MEGA5.05软件构建MAM的系统进化树。【结果】白菜的3个亚基因组均保留着MAM的同源基因。其中与拟南芥具有共线性的5个同源基因可能源自基因组古三倍化复制,其它两个同源基因可能是由转座扩增产生的;基序分析结果表明,与拟南芥的MAM相比,白菜的MAM同源基因存在基序的缺失,并且大多发生在序列的两端;在93份白菜材料中,白菜MAM同源基因之间的表达量有很大差异,Bra021947与Bra018524只在少数材料中存在极低的表达,并且Bra029356的表达量低于可检测水平;进化树分析发现,除Bra018524外,其他的白菜MAM同源基因与拟南芥的MAM聚集在不同的分支上。【结论】白菜的MAM可能在拟南芥和白菜物种分化之后独立起源并进化出不同的功能。     

芥蓝感染核盘菌过程中活性氧和芥子油苷的变化

 分析了核盘菌侵染芥蓝过程中,芥蓝的发病症状、含水量、电导率、活性氧和芥子油苷的变化。结果表明,在侵染过程中,侵染部位产生褐色病斑,并逐渐扩大到全叶。叶片含水量逐渐下降,电导率不断上升,活性氧（过氧化氢和超氧阴离子）大量累积,吲哚–3–甲基芥子油苷、4–甲氧基–吲哚–3–甲基芥子油苷、1–甲氧基–吲哚–3–甲基芥子油苷和烯丙基芥子油苷含量先上升后下降,3–丁烯基芥子油苷和2–羟基–3–丁烯基芥子油苷含量逐渐下降。研究表明芥子油苷,特别是吲哚类芥子油苷可能参与芥蓝对核盘菌侵染的防卫反应。