中国6个地方绵羊品种的微卫星分析

为研究中国地方绵羊品种之间的遗传多样性,利用6个微卫星位点,对中国6个绵羊品种群体进行遗传检测,计算了各品种群体的平均杂合度(He)和平均多态信息含量(PIC),同时分析了各品种群体内的遗传变异,进行了UPGMA聚类。结果表明,6个绵羊品种Ho为0.5446~0.7140,PIC为0.5211~0.7732;6个绵羊品种都具有较丰富的遗传多样性,其中岷县黑裘皮羊的遗传变异最高,小尾寒羊的遗传变异最低;小尾寒羊的近交系数最高,揭示该群体内近交程度可能较高。利用UPGMA方法构建了系统发生树,兰州大尾寒羊与岷县黑裘皮羊为一类,哈萨克羊与贵德黑裘皮羊为一类,泗水绵羊与小尾寒羊为一类,表明群体遗传结构与地理分布及其驯化历史相关。     

2年生桉树杂交种生长与抗风的遗传变异研究

 以２×１０的析因交配桉树杂交种为研究材料,杂种的母本为尾叶桉和细叶桉,父本为巨桉、粗皮桉、细叶桉和尾叶桉。对２７个月生杂交种的材积生长、抵抗风速为１８和４０ｍ／ｓ台风的抗风指数（ＷＲ１ 和ＷＲ２）的研究表明,材积生长在母本间差异不显著（犘＞０．０５）,但在父本间、母本与父本的交互作用间差异显著（犘＜０．０５）;ＷＲ１ 在父、母本间均存在显著差异（犘＜０．０５）,ＷＲ２ 只在父本间差异显著（犘＜０．０５）。在材积生长上,巨桉作为父本具有高的一般配合力,Ｔ１×Ｇ２、Ｕ１×Ｐ３具有高的特殊配合力;在抗风指数上,Ｇ１、Ｇ２和Ｐ２作为父本分别对ＷＲ１ 和ＷＲ２ 具有高的一般配合力。材积生长性状受加性基因和显性基因的控制,狭义和广义遗传力分别为０．１４～０．１７ 和０．３０～０．３６;抗风指数受加性基因控制,遗传力为０．１０～０．１１。以尾叶桉为母本的子代材积生长性状遗传力高于细叶桉母本的子代、抗风指数的遗传力高于细叶桉母本的子代;材积生长性状与ＷＲ１ 总体上呈显著正相关（犘＜０．０５）,与ＷＲ２ 呈显著负相关（犘＜０．０５）。     

云南肉山羊黑色品系内不同家系遗传多样性分析

应用QIAxcel全自动遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,对云南肉山羊黑色品系5只公羊134只后代的基因组DNA进行了11个微卫星位点多态性分析,以期为这一品系的选育提高和合理选配提供科学依据。结果表明,在11个微卫星位点共检测到101个等位基因,片段大小在115～249 bp之间,全群平均期望杂合度和平均多态信息含量均在0.5以上,表明云南肉山羊黑色品系遗传多样性丰富。对5只公羊UPGMA聚类分析表明:5只公羊间遗传一致度较高,说明云南肉山羊黑色品系具备了相对统一的遗传基础;系统聚类图直观地显示出公羊N7379和N7373存在较近的亲缘关系,被聚为一支,而公羊N5043、N7303、N5049间也存在较近的亲缘关系,被聚为另一支,分属于不同分支的公羊间亲缘关系相对较远。     

甘肃新选育党参品系与主栽品种的RAPD分析

采用RAPD分子标记技术,分析了新选育党参（Codonopsis pilosula）8个品系和2个主栽品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。结果显示,14条引物共扩增出159个位点,其中多态位点26个,多态性位点比率为46.43%,材料间遗传相似系数范围在0.771 9～0.964 9,说明甘肃省主栽党参品种资源具有较丰富的遗传多样性。根据聚类分析结果,党参品种DS6与所有其他供试材料的亲缘关系最远,可单独聚为一类;DS3与DS8的亲缘关系最近,其相似系数为0.964 9。     

白花草木樨第二次轮回选择半同胞家系农艺性状的遗传变异分析

为了选育出优质、高产、低香豆素的白花草木樨新品种,在前期完成第一次轮回选择的基础上,开展了25份白花草木樨半同胞家系的第二次轮回选择,在甘肃省榆中县和临泽县进行产量、品质、香豆素含量等农艺性状评价。方差分析结果表明半同胞家系间株高、干重、纤维、香豆素含量等性状具有显著的基因型变异（P<0.05）,且干重、株高、茎粗等性状在两地点间存在显著的基因型与环境互作（P<0.05）,根据基因型方差预测干重与株高的遗传增益增加百分比分别为4.3%和2.6%。相关性分析表明,茎粗与干重、株高有极显著（P<0.01）的正相关关系,粗蛋白与中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维有极显著的负相关关系。主成分分析反映出各农艺性状间的关系和25份半同胞家系在各性状上的表现,聚类分析将25份家系分为4个组,其中第4组具有较高的干重、粗蛋白和最低的香豆素含量。通过对25份半同胞家系的第二次评价将为白花草木樨新品系选育奠定基础。     

羊草叶绿体非编码区多态性标记筛选及群体遗传多样性

为筛选多态性丰富的羊草叶绿体非编码区片段,本研究以9个不同地理位置的羊草居群为材料,通过对12个叶绿体非编码区DNA片段测序及其序列间变异分析试图从中找出有遗传差异的叶绿体DNA(cpDNA)片段,并利用有多态性的cpDNA片段进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,序列ndhF-rpl32、trnL-trnF、trnC-ycf6、aptI-aptH具有比较丰富的变异,可作为下一步研究野生羊草群体遗传学和谱系地理学较为理想的分子标记。在37个羊草个体4条非编码区片段的合并序列中,共检测到15种单倍型,单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.928,核苷酸多态性(Pi)为0.00101;遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.58884,基因流(Nm)为0.17,基因流较小;中性检验Tajima’s D(-1.08542)和Fu’s Fs(-5.301)均为负值,且差异不显著(P>0.10),推测羊草遵循中性进化理论,可能经历过种群扩张;AMOVA结果显示,65%的分子变异出现在居群间,35%出现在居群内;Mantel检验得到,遗传距离与地理距离具有显著相关性(r=0.449,P<0.05);居群分化值Nst 0.386(0.1865)大于Gst 0.234(0.1506),差异显著(P<0.05),表明羊草居群存在分子谱系地理结构。通过系统发育树分析得到,羊草15个单倍型分为两大分支,H2和H10聚为一支,它们与别的居群个体亲缘关系较远,其余单倍型聚为另一支;单倍型网络图显示,H2和H12、H10和H12亲缘关系较远,与系统发育树分析结果基本一致。本研究为羊草的种质资源保护、谱系地理学研究等工作奠定了基础。     

Comparison of genetic improvement for litter size at birth by direct and indirect selection in swine herd

Responses to selection for number of piglets born alive (NBA) by the total number of piglets born (TNB), the NBA, and the NBA plus number of piglets born dead (NBD) were compared using the accuracy of selection and expected genetic gain calculated from the selection index with family information and the real response to selection, using data generated by Monte Carlo computer simulation. The accuracy of selection for NBA selected by TNB was higher than that by NBA only if the genetic correlation between TNB and NBA was close to 1.0, or the value of heritability for the TNB was much larger than that for the NBA. The accuracy of selection for the NBA selected by the combination of the TNB and the NBA was generally highest in the three selection methods in each family structure. Selection by the TNB resulted in the greatest expected genetic gain for the TNB among the selection methods. In the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) selection, the genetic gain for the NBA accumulated by the NBA tended to be similar to that accumulated by the combination of the NBA and the NBD, and both genetic gains at generation 10 were significantly larger than that by the TNB (P < 0.001). The accumulated responses selected by the two‐trait animal model BLUP estimated from genetic parameters with errors were similar to those estimated from the true parameters, and there was no significant difference between them. These results indicate that selection by the NBA or by the NBA and the NBD gives more genetic improvement in the NBA than that by the TNB.     

Using genetic tools to inform conservation of fragmented populations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) across their range in China

A herd of 15 Chinese elephants attracted international attention during their 2021 northward trek, motivating the government to propose establishment of an Asian elephant national park. However, planning is hampered by a lack of genetic information on the remaining populations in China. We collected DNA from 497 dung samples from all 5 populations encompassing the entire range of elephants in China and used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to investigate their genetic and demographic structure. We identified 237 unique genotypes (153 females, 84 males), representing 81% of the known population. However, the effective population size was small (28, range 25–32). Historic demographic contraction appeared to account for low haplotype diversity (H_d = 0.235), but moderate nucleotide and nuclear diversity (π = 0.6%, H_e = 0.55) was attributable to post-bottleneck recovery involving recent population expansion plus historical gene exchange with elephants in Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Vietnam. The 5 populations fell into 3 clusters, with Nangunhe elephants differing consistently from the other 4 populations (F_ST = 0.23); elephants from Mengyang, Simao, and Jiangcheng belonged to a single population (henceforth, MSJ), and differed from the Shangyong population (F_ST = 0.11). Interpopulation genetic variation reflected isolation by distance and female-biased dispersal. Chinese elephants should be managed as 2 distinct units: Nangunhe and another combining Shangyong and MSJ; their long-term viability will require restoring gene flow between Shangyong and MSJ, and between elephants in China and neighboring countries. Our results have the potential to inform conservation planning for an iconic megafaunal species.     

Genomic differentiation with isolation by distance along a latitudinal gradient in the spotted-leg treefrog Polypedates megacephalus

The patterns of isolation by distance (IBD) entailing increased genetic differentiation among populations have aroused extensive concerns for evolutionary biologists. Although the IBD may act on spatial processes contributing to the genetic differentiation among populations in anuran species, the factors shaping the IBD of frogs among populations in natural systems are largely unknown. Here, we studied the genetic differentiation among six populations with 24 individuals of the spotted-leg treefrog along a latitudinal gradient (1860.31 km) based on 1020 single nucleotide polymorphisms from restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. The results showed that the genetic diversity differed significantly among populations and that the insular populations had higher genetic diversity than the mainland populations. Furthermore, we also found a significant genetic differentiation among populations (F_ST = 0.277) and no sign of inbreeding (F_UNI = −0.145). The IBD was detected for all populations, and a higher degree of the IBD was indicated when controlling for the effects of the isolation between Hainan and mainland populations caused by the Qiongzhou Strait. Our findings suggest that the form of the Qiongzhou Strait plays a key role in shaping the genetic diversity and population differentiation in treefrogs.     

高粱抗蚜基因的遗传分析和SSR标记定位

高粱蚜是高粱生产中的一种毁灭性害虫,利用植物的固有抗性是防治害虫的最有效途径。经多年杂交选育获得1个对高粱蚜免疫的高粱品种“河农16”,用其作亲本与感蚜品系“千三”进行杂交,对亲本、F1、F2抗蚜性鉴定表明,“河农16”和F1对蚜虫表现高抗,F2抗感分离符合3∶1,该抗蚜性受一对基因控制,表现出显性遗传。用已定位到连锁群上的微卫星标记和分离群体分析法,对抗蚜基因进行了连锁分析,发现1个与抗蚜基因连锁的微卫星标记(SSR标记),与抗蚜基因的遗传距离为8.7 cM。该标记位于第9连锁群上,因而将该基因初步定位于第9连锁群。