嫁接黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成与砧木的相关性及其硅吸收分配特性

黄瓜果实表面蜡粉的多少影响其商品品质,蜡粉多少在一定条件下取决于植株对硅的吸收特性。本试验选择4个果实表面具蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z1、 Z2、 Z3和Z4）和4个果实表面没有蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z5、 Z6、 Z7 和Z8）为砧木,嫁接津优1号黄瓜,以自根黄瓜为对照,研究了嫁接和自根黄瓜果面蜡粉形成与硅吸收分配的关系。结果表明, 采用果面具蜡粉砧木Z1、 Z2嫁接的黄瓜果实表面鲜亮、 光滑,几乎无蜡粉;果面具蜡粉的砧木Z3、 Z4以及不具蜡粉的4个砧木嫁接的黄瓜果面蜡粉量多,色灰暗,与自根黄瓜之间差异显著或不显著。果面没有蜡粉的黄瓜植株各器官中硅含量显著低于果面有蜡粉的黄瓜;果实果皮中硅含量高于果肉。嫁接黄瓜果面是否具蜡粉与砧木果面有无蜡粉没有必然联系,采用去蜡粉砧木嫁接的黄瓜硅吸收量明显减少。     

Dietary supplements of guanosine improve the growth,non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka,and its resistance against Vibrio splendidus

The growth response, non‐specific immune activities and disease resistance were measured in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka (initial average weight 6.80 ± 0.10 g), when fed diets supplemented with graded levels of guanosine from the guanosine‐5’‐monophosphate disodium (GMP) at 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg for 8 weeks. The results showed that GMP supplemented at 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg significantly enhanced the growth of sea cucumber. Sea cucumber fed a diet with 0.6 g/kg of GMP had significantly higher intracellular superoxide anion production, nitric oxide synthase activity, lysozyme activity and the total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity than those in control group (p < .05). Increased lysozyme activity and T‐SOD activity were also found in sea cucumber fed GMP at 1.2 g/kg. Moreover, there was significantly lower cumulative mortality after the disease challenge in sea cucumber fed the diets with 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP than that in control and 0.3 g/kg GMP groups (p < .05), and no significant difference was observed between 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP groups. These results suggested that feeding GMP at a dose of 0.6 g/kg could enhance growth, non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber as well as its resistance against Vibrio splendidus.     

海参中单糖检测方法的建立及含量测定

本研究建立了高效阴离子交换–脉冲安培检测法(HPAEC-PAD)分析海参(Apostichopus japonicus)多糖的单糖组成及含量测定。通过比较3种蛋白去除法对海参多糖含量的影响,优化海参多糖纯化方法;比较淋洗液浓度对单糖分离效果的影响,优化海参中单糖分离的色谱条件。结果显示,Sevag法去蛋白的效果最好,在淋洗液为20 mmol/L Na OH的条件下分离岩藻糖、氨基半乳糖、氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和乳糖;在淋洗液为160 mmol/L Na OH和200 mmol/L Na AC的条件下分离葡萄糖醛酸和半乳糖醛酸。各单糖标准曲线的线性相关系数不低于0.998,检出限为2.5~50μg/L,加标回收率在83.6%~113.1%之间。该方法可测定海参多糖的中性糖、氨基糖和糖醛酸,可作为海参及其制品中的单糖分析及定量方法,为相关标准的制定提供参考。     

5种药剂对天然山杏林生长的影响

为研究不同药剂及其不同浓度对山杏生长量和杏仁产量的影响,2011年4～9月,在乌兰察布市上高台林场内山杏天然林喷施5种药剂进行对比观测。结果表明：1）B9推迟花期、提高成花率都高于硼酸。2）稀土1 000 ppm、防落素25 ppm坐果率最高,分别可提高12.0%、10.6%。3）药剂的喷施对山杏果实影响显著,而对枝、叶影响不明显。4）各药剂不同浓度对山杏产量影响可分为3类,第Ⅰ类显著影响共7个,第Ⅱ类影响共3个,第Ⅲ类影响不显著共5个。     

几种化学药物混合物熏气催熟杧果的综合效应

为解决果后熟过程中存在的黄熟程度不均匀、易感炭疽病和蒂腐病等问题,进行几种化学药物的混合物所产生气体催熟果的试验。结果表明:最佳的处理(处理Ⅱ),果黄熟仅需4 d,防炭疽病效果可达93%,防蒂腐病效果可达100%,可溶性固形物含量提高1%以上,轻耗仅为自然后熟的17.38%,果皮色泽鲜艳,果肉硬,风味佳,外观整洁,商品率高。该处理方法简单易行。     

杉木种子园无性系开花结实习性

本文报道安徽山斗杉木种子园中部分无性系花芽在树冠上的分布及性状、花期的同步性、盛花期与座果率的关系以及不同无性系和不同采收期种子品质的差异等开花结实习性。同时,本文还提出了适于评价杉木种子园的种子品质指标。     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance,non‐specific immune enzymes and acute response to low salinity and high temperature of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

This study was performed to determine the optimum dietary carbohydrate (CHO) levels of sea cucumber, based on the parameters of growth, digestive enzymes, digestibility, non‐specific immune enzymes and acute low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress and high‐temperature (30°C) stress tolerance. Diets with eight different CHO (dextrin) levels (32.9, 107.6, 192.5, 257.2, 316.8, 428.0, 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg) were fed to sea cucumber juveniles (0.49 ± 0.01 g) for 60 days. Significant higher amylase activity was observed in sea cucumbers fed diet with CHO ranging between 32.9 and 192.5 g/kg than that of other treatments (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5 g/kg CHO showed significantly higher acid phosphatase activity than the treatments of 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg CHO (p < .05), and significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than other treatments (p < .05, except 257.2 g/kg). The treatments of 428.0–572.8 g/kg were found significantly lower values than other treatments in apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5, 257.2 and 316.8 g/kg CHO showed better tolerance to high‐temperature (30°C) and low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress than other treatments. In brief, the optimal dietary CHO level for the growth of juvenile sea cucumber is 177.96 g/kg. However, excessive CHO will inhibit amylase enzyme activity and decrease digestibility, resulting in low growth of sea cucumber.     

土壤环境条件对威百亩熏蒸防治黄瓜枯萎病的影响

为探究威百亩在不同土壤环境条件下的消毒效果,采用离体和活体方法研究施药量、覆膜熏蒸时间、土壤相对含水量及土壤温度对威百亩熏蒸防治黄瓜枯萎病的作用效果。结果表明,25℃条件下,威百亩12 mg(a.i.)/kg土壤熏蒸消毒,对尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum的抑制率为78.82%,对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果为87.03%,且对作物安全无药害;威百亩对尖孢镰刀菌的熏蒸抑制作用随着熏蒸时间的增加而增强,土壤熏蒸10 d后对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制率为95.21%;土壤相对含水量为30%和50%时,威百亩对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果分别为72.32%和82.14%,含水量过高或过低均不利于药效的发挥,而且还会对作物产生药害反应。威百亩的熏蒸效果随着土壤温度的升高而增强,在25、30、35℃时对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果分别为80.18%、98.20%和100.00%。表明威百亩结合日光消毒温度大于25℃、土壤相对含水量为30%或50%、熏蒸10~15 d可有效控制土壤中尖孢镰刀菌引起的黄瓜枯萎病。     

天山野果林塞威士苹果和短距凤仙花叶斑病病原真菌的鉴定

为了解新疆天山野果林中塞威士苹果Malus sieversii与其林下伴生植物短距凤仙花Impatiens brachycentra两种植物叶斑病病原菌的多样性及同源性,采用组织分离法获得病原菌,基于rDNA-ITS序列构建系统发育树,并进行ITS序列BLAST同源性比对,对病原菌进行鉴定分类,并依据科赫氏法则测定致病性。结果显示,从新疆新源县天山野果林中的塞威士苹果及短距凤仙花病叶上共分离得到18株菌落形态各异的病原菌,分属于2属4种,绝大多数属于半知菌亚门。其中,链格孢属Alternaria sp.为塞威士苹果和短距凤仙花叶斑病病原真菌中的优势菌群。致病性测定结果显示,其中11株病原真菌对塞威士苹果具有致病性,7株病原真菌对短距凤仙花具有致病性;塞威士苹果所有的病原真菌对短距凤仙花均有致病性,而且短距凤仙花所有的病原真菌对塞威士苹果也有致病性。推测2种植物叶斑病可能由相同来源的病原真菌引发,短距凤仙花染病加剧了塞威士苹果叶斑病暴发,可能是野果林退化的重要原因。     

大连海域刺参原产地大型底栖动物群落结构调查及修复策略

2014年6月,按照海洋资源调查规范,调查北黄海大连沿岸的刺参Apostichopus japonicas原产区中的旅顺口区塔河湾附近海域和大连金州新区城山头海滨地貌保护区海域内大型底栖动物的种类、密度、生物量,计算优势种、生物多样性和群落物种相似性,探讨其修复策略。结果表明,两处海域刺参生境大型底栖动物群落结构基本相同,优势种组成相似,优势类群均为软体动物;物种组成因饵料条件及周边海域底质不同呈现差异性分化;两处海域内海星类与刺参的密度比分别约为1∶3和1∶1,海星类与刺参的生物量比值与密度比相同;海星类与海胆类密度比均约为1∶1和3∶1,海星类与刺参及海胆类密度和的比分别为1∶4和1∶1,海胆类与刺参密度比均约为1∶2。根据调查结果认为刺参生境和增养殖区的养护、修复策略为:(1)多种共养,以参为主;(2)控制海星,适度增殖海胆;(3)提高初级生产力,降低污染。