两种山雀巢洞因子的选择

对大山雀１８巢和沼泽山雀１５巢的洞因子特征作了较详细的研究，研究表明，大山雀和沼泽山雀的筑巢优势树种分别是白皮柳和糠椴；在选择洞口方向上，沼泽山雀的洞口方向较集中于西南方向，而大山雀的洞口方向较分散。     

Behavioral responses of arabesque greenling to trap entrance design

ABSTRACT:   Fish catch efficiency can vary with the design of the trap entrance. To clarify how trap entrance design affects catch efficiency, the responses of fish to different trap entrance designs with different inclination angles or funnel lengths were observed. The passing ratio (i.e. catch) increased and then decreased with increasing inclination angle. An inclination angle of 34° had the highest passing ratio of 43%; the lowest passing ratio was 8% at an angle of 53°. A significant difference in passing ratio was found between two entrance designs ( P  = 0.006). There were significant differences in passing ratio for entrance designs with different funnel lengths ( P  = 0.01). The highest passing ratio was 38% for a funnel length of 29 cm. The approach and passing durations were also compared among the trap entrance designs. The results suggest that modifying the entrance shape can significantly improve the catch efficiency.     

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L., passage in a regulated northern river – fishway efficiency, fish entrance and environmental factors

The number and the size of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using the Isohaara fishway was elevated by increasing the fishway discharge and by changing the type of the pass entrance. The fishway is intended to help fish bypass a hydroelectric station located close to the mouth of the large, regulated River Kemijoki, in northern Finland. Multi-sea-winter (MSW) salmon returned to the river mouth during peak flows in early June but did not use the fishway until 1 month later. Their number in the fishway was positively correlated with the tailwater level. One-sea winter (1-SW) salmon, which arrived approximately one month later, started to enter the fishway without corresponding delays. In autumn, a high tailwater level and a small drop at the fish entrance seemed to be needed for the successful passage of these small-sized salmon and sea trout, Salmo trutta L.     

地铁出入口广场景观评价体系的分析

通过对北京市地铁二号线、四号线、五号线、十号线出入口广场空间的调查,选取相关性度较高的雍和宫站与海淀黄庄站,北新桥站和张自忠路站两种类型进行比较,分析得出相似功能节点不同出入口广场类型中指标层出入口建筑、服务设施、标志标牌权重值比重高,其权重影响下的方案层有着良好表现;相同地域景观背景不同出入口广场空间中指标层服务设施、标志标牌、地域历史景观保护权重值比重高,指导方案层各个出入口的设计、布局。应从加快建立出入口广场景观评价体系、历史文化保护以及交通广场环境改善角度指导出入口广场景观总体统筹规划设计。     

网络渠道交易价值的实证分析——以L品牌手机淘宝BtoC店为例

以国产手机著名品牌L品牌淘宝BtoC店为例,按入口时搜索的关键词的特点,将来访顾客分成渠道忠诚访客和品牌忠诚访客,连续30天观察总的页面浏览量、2种类型的访客数量、分别带来的成交量,以及每日询盘量。对渠道忠诚顾客带来的成交占总成交的比例进行均值估计,得知其比例为38.3%;对2类访客与相应的成交量分别作回归分析,结论均为有显著影响。文章在此基础上对提高网店价值,提出了相应的建议。     

鱼道进口布置方案研究

鱼道进口的布置除受其自身布置原则的限制之外,还受到枢纽布置及河势、地形、地质、下游水位等其他边界条件的限制。为同时满足以上双重要求,对某工程鱼道进口的布置进行深入研究,提出一种能满足边界条件及绝大部分布置原则的初步布置方案。对该初步布置方案中不能满足布置原则的采取相应的工程措施加以优化。水工模型验证表明,优化后的鱼道进口布置方案对河道中的洄游鱼类具有较大的吸引能力,在流量、流态、水深及流速等方面,均能较好地满足设计要求。     

Temperament assessments of lactating cows in three contexts and their applicability as management traits

The applicability of three behavioral assessments of lactating cows as management traits was verified. Flight responses to an approaching human (flight starting and walking distances, and flight walking speed) at pasture, entrance order into the milking parlour and step‐kick behavior to cup attachment were observed for 713 subject cows in six Australasian dairy farms. On all farms, cows were kept at pasture without any barn housing. Flight responses were measured once, and other assessments were recorded repeatedly for each subject cow. A principal component analysis was performed to verify whether these assessments appear to measure the same trait. A two‐way anova and correlation analyses were then used to test whether obtained principal components were affected by farm, age and milking stage of cows. Australian and some Japanese herd management systems were compared for flight distance using a one‐way anova and a multiple comparison test. Three behavioral assessments clustered in different principal components, indicating that these assessments did not appear to measure the same trait. Factor scores of four principal components were affected by farm (all, P < 0.01), and the scores of principal component 1, interpreted as fear of humans (r = ?0.16, P < 0.01), and component 2, interpreted as aversion to cup attachment (r = ?0.28, P < 0.01), were moderately correlated with age. These results emphasize the necessity of data standardization to reduce the non‐genetic variation resulting from these two affectors. The flight distance at pasture of herds in Australia (6.06 ± 2.85 m) was significantly (P < 0.05) different from the flight distances measured in paddocks (1.50 ± 0.82 m) and free‐stall barns (1.22 ± 1.09 m) in Japan. However, mean distances were not different between the Australian herds at pasture and the Japanese herds at pasture in tie‐stall barns (3.96 ± 2.16 m) or in a free‐stall barn (4.03 ± 1.79 m). This difference could be a result of the fact that only a single measurement was made, so that repeated measurement might improve the usefulness of flight distance as a management trait. In conclusion, it was verified that step‐kick behavior to cup attachment and flight responses to human approach were, although they have some affectors, applicable as objective management traits in lactating cows.     

谈地下商业街入口设计

本文主要从地下商业街入口的功能、类型、位置、朝向和造型几个方面分析地下商业街入口的设计原则和要素。     

视距与公路隧道口景观设计

目前,隧道口景观设计的理论与实践有了较快的发展,但是很多只考虑洞口景观的图纸效果,而对驾驶员（包括车辆前座人员）与公路隧道口的视距少有考虑。不同的视距要求有不同的景观设计,现对视距进行量化分级,并提出设计要求,以便给我国方兴未艾的公路隧道口景观建设提供参考。     

松褐天牛在马尾松树干上的分布规律

作为松材线虫病(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)的最重要传播媒介,松褐天牛已成为控制松材线虫病的重点。明确松褐天牛各虫态在不同地区寄主树干上的分布,对因地适宜地释放天敌昆虫有着重要意义。为此,本研究通过解剖受害马尾松,结合林间调查,系统地研究了松褐天牛产卵刻槽、幼虫和蛹在马尾松树干上的分布规律。结果表明:松褐天牛产卵刻槽主要分布在树干的2.5 6.5 m范围内,刻槽数量与树干高度和胸径显著相关;松褐天牛幼虫数量与树干胸径关系不显著;多数蛹室位于侵入孔正上方,少数蛹室位于侵入孔下方,两种蛹室数量差异显著;两种蛹室与侵入孔中心的平均距离分别为3.93 cm和4.39 cm,两者之间差异不显著;并建立了松褐天牛幼虫在马尾松树干上的垂直分布模式图。本研究表明了松褐天牛种群密度与寄主树木大小的关系,为释放天敌进行生物防治提供了基础。