‘短柄樱桃’花芽休眠解除过程中差异表达基因的研究

 以中国樱桃的优良品种‘短柄樱桃’（Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.‘Duanbing’）的花芽为材料,采用mRNA 差异显示技术,分析休眠解除的过程中相关差异表达基因。共克隆获得79 个差异cDNA片段;通过半定量RT-PCR 验证,确定18 个阳性差异cDNA 片段为休眠解除相关候选基因;休眠解除过程中上调的基因片段11 个,下调的7 个。测序及同源性比对结果显示：差异表达基因主要参与糖代谢、信号转导、跨膜转运及氧化还原等反应过程。这些基因在‘短柄樱桃’休眠解除阶段可能起到直接或间接的作用。     

蚬壳花椒种子萌发特性研究

目的:建立解除蚬壳花椒种子休眠和萌发的有效方法,提高蚬壳花椒种子萌发率。方法:以恒温4益、恒温25益、变温(先4益层积35 d,后25益层积35 d)湿沙层积70 d处理蚬壳花椒种子,每隔7 d进行1次取样,测定种子内营养物质含量和酶活性,分析各处理解休眠效果,探索最佳层积温度。以层积处理后的种子用不同发芽基质(湿沙、草炭、珍珠岩、土壤)进行拌种处理,探索最适宜发芽基质。结果:变温层积可以有效解除蚬壳花椒种子休眠;草炭拌种可以大幅提高种子萌发率到68%。结论:变温层积可以加速蚬壳花椒种子内营养物质的水解,提高种子内酶活性,促进种子内生理代谢反应。     

Effects of smoke,ash and heat shock on seed germination of seven species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran

Fire products have been widely identified as germination cues for a number of species from both fire-prone and fire-free ecosystems. However, there is uncertainty about the effects of fire products on seed germination of semi-arid rangeland species. We examined the germination of seven dominant species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran under various heat shock (60, 80 and 120 °C), aerosol smoke, ash and control treatments. Our findings showed that fire products could enhance, inhibit or not affect the seed germination of rangeland species in this area. The germination percentage of Astragalus adscendens increased following 60 °C heat treatment in comparison with the control. The germination of Astragalus verus, Bromus tectorum, B. tomentellus and Phlomis olivieri were increased significantly using smoke treatment (P<0.0001). The seed germination of B. tomentellus and B. tectorum was promoted by ash treatment, whereas the other species exhibited no response or were inhibited by fire products. In addition, smoke treatment shortened the overall germination time of B. tectorum. These findings suggest that fire products affect the germination of several species and can serve as potential tools for understanding the vegetation dynamics and restoration of disturbed semi-arid rangelands.     

水稻穗发芽研究进展

作物收获前的穗发芽是一个严重的全球性农业生产问题。经过漫长的驯化过程,栽培作物的休眠水平普遍低于野生祖先。尽管休眠期的缩短可能提高作物的繁殖代数和农业产值,但过早的休眠释放使作物在成熟收获前发生穗萌发,造成巨大的经济损失。从穗发芽的生理基础、穗发芽相关QTL和基因、穗发芽防控及展望等方面对水稻穗发芽现象进行梳理,认为高含水量是水稻种子萌发和穗发芽的先决条件,该过程中,淀粉酶活性增强和可溶性糖含量升高为穗发芽提供能量,水稻籽粒中植物激素ABA和GA的含量及种子对二者的敏感性是决定穗发芽的关键所在。近年来,穗发芽相关QTL及其功能基因的挖掘为阐明水稻穗萌机理以及培育穗发芽抗性品种提供重要依据。从长远来看,广泛开展水稻种质资源鉴评,尤其在野生稻、地方品种中寻找丢失的休眠基因,并通过分子育种途径聚集此类基因,培育抗穗萌品系（品种）,对于解决穗发芽问题、提高水稻产量和品质、保证国家粮食安全具有重要意义。     

植物激素调节和预先冷处理对破除红景天种子休眠和发芽的影响

近数百年以来,红景天已广泛用于中国的传统中草药.但其种子发芽缓慢,参差不齐和发芽率低,这是由种子休眠所引起的.采用预先冷冻处理、外源植物激素刺激,进行破除种子休眠、激发种子发芽、促进幼苗平衡生长,以及外源刺激、内源植物激素变化、种子发芽和幼苗生长等生理作用研究.结果表明,4℃预先冷冻3周处理,在25～10℃可获得最高发芽率(48±2)%,用外源激素GA3、2,4-D和GA3+2,4-D处理可降低红景天种子胚的内源ABA水平并使其保持在低水平.此外还发现,中等水平内源IAA能促进其根和苗平衡生长,使幼苗的存活力达到最高水平.     

曼陀罗种子破眠方法研究

曼陀罗种子存在显著的休眠性,本试验对打破曼陀罗种子休眠的方法进行了研究。结果表明:用10%NaOH处理90min为破除曼陀罗种皮障碍的最佳方法,种子的发芽势达40%,比对照提高36%,发芽率达82.5%,比对照提高74.5%。用10%NaOH处理90min后再用300mg/L的GA3溶液浸泡24h,为打破曼陀罗种子休眠的最佳方法,种子的发芽势达74.5%,比对照提高70.5%,发芽率达91%,比对照提高83%。     

黄山花楸种子休眠影响因素

对黄山花楸(Sorbus amabilis)种子休眠的解剖结构基础与影响条件进行了试验研究。结果表明:黄山花楸种子由种皮和胚2部分组成。胚形态发育完全,种皮表面覆一层角质层,胚根端和子叶端的种皮细胞排列明显比中间部位密集;种子透水性障碍不明显而透气性障碍显著;未处理的完整种子萌发率为0,种胚、种胚去除不同量子叶处理萌发率为86.67%～96.67%;种子去除不同部位种皮的萌发率在90%以上。表明黄山花楸种胚无休眠,种皮透性、特别是透气性对休眠有一定影响,种子休眠主要是种皮的机械障碍引起的物理休眠。     

Comparative seed germination study across alien grapes (Vitis,Vitaceae) in Europe

Alien grape (Vitis, Vitaceae) species and recently described hybrids are recognised as major environmental weeds in southern Europe, based on their tendency to spread into natural and semi‐natural habitats, often behaving as invasive species. Despite a high number of agronomic, genetic and phytopathological studies on Vitis cultivars, regeneration from seed has been poorly investigated, although it plays a key role in plant distribution and evolution. To this end, in this study we exposed seeds of eight wild grapes in Europe (three species and five nothospecies, including the native Vitis vinifera), to different temperature treatments in the laboratory. Fresh seeds from all studied taxa were dormant and germinated only after cold and/or warm plus cold stratification, but showing significant differences between the species. Seeds of V. vinifera showed an intermediate complex morphophysiological dormancy, while all other tested Vitis taxa exhibited a deep complex morphophysiological dormancy. Dark conditions reduced the germination percentage in Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia and V. vinifera and their hybrids, and alternating temperatures elicited the highest germination percentages in all populations. Our results demonstrated for the first time that Vitis hybrids are capable of regeneration by seed, even in the absence of dispersal by animals. The germination processes studied here help understand the current expansion of alien Vitis taxa in Europe outside the viticultural areas. Consequently, germination requirements contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying alien Vitis taxa establishment and invasion.     

结缕草种子脱落酸含量及打破休眠的研究

本研究采用间接酶联免疫吸附法测定结缕草休眠种子与打破休眠种子在发芽处理过程中脱落酸（ABA）含量的变化。在每克休眠种子中，颖苞和籽粒中的脱落酸含量分别为4．533μg和2．403μg，但以籽粒中脱落酸的含量对休眠的诱导起主要作用；休眠的解除随脱落酸含量的下降而增强。通过对休眠种子和打破休眠种子的发芽处理过程中施用外源激素发现，虽然单独施用外源激素（GA）对休眠的解除有一定的效果，但打破结缕草种子的休眠，首先必须要解除颖苞的透性障碍，然后施用外源激素才可能使结缕草种子达到其潜在发芽率。     

Determination of Festuca filiformis seedbank characteristics,seedling emergence and herbicide susceptibility to aid management in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)

Festuca filiformis is a common perennial grass in lowbush blueberry fields, but little is known about the general biology, seedbank characteristics, seedling recruitment or susceptibility of seedlings to currently registered herbicides. The objectives of this research were to determine (i) the presence of F. filiformis seedbanks in lowbush blueberry fields, (ii) whether F. filiformis seedbanks accumulate near the soil surface in lowbush blueberry fields, (iii) the dormancy status of fresh F. filiformis seeds, (iv) the temporal patterns of seedling recruitment in established F. filiformis populations, (v) whether F. filiformis has a vernalisation requirement for flowering in lowbush blueberry and (vi) susceptibility of F. filiformis seedlings to various herbicides currently registered in lowbush blueberry. Festuca filiformis formed a seedbank in lowbush blueberry fields, with an average of 1660 ± 272–5680 ± 1409 seedlings m^?2 emerging from soil cores collected from two infested fields. Most seeds were located at the soil surface, providing opportunities for seedbank management through predation or burning. Fresh seeds lacked dormancy and readily germinated, although germination was reduced by dark conditions. New seedlings emerged in spring and autumn and required vernalisation to flower. Seedlings were susceptible to several currently registered herbicides in lowbush blueberry, although mortality rates were highest in plants treated with glufosinate, flumioxazin, glufosinate + flumioxazin and terbacil. Growers should avoid movement of seeds on machinery, and additional research should be conducted to determine the effects of registered herbicides on F. filiformis seedling recruitment under field conditions in lowbush blueberry.