微生态制剂在乳制品中的应用研究进展

微生态制剂具有调整人体肠道微生态平衡、提高免疫力、抗肿瘤、抗衰老等多种功能,是生产功能型乳制品的重要元素.微生态制剂在乳制品中的应用对丰富乳制品功能、引导健康饮食、促进乳业发展等都具有十分重要的意义,研究和开发益生菌、益生元和合生元乳制品将成为乳制品发展的主导方向.本文介绍了微生态制剂在乳制品中的应用情况,重点阐述了微生态制剂应用于乳制品中的关键技术.     

微生物源性生物抗氧化剂对高温季节奶牛生产性能和牛奶品质的影响

试验选用体重、胎次、产犊日期和产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛16头，随机分为2组，每组8头。对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验组在基础日粮中添加50g/d微生物源性生物抗氧化剂，试验在夏季高温期进行。试验结果表明，随着高温和泌乳期的进程，试验奶牛的采食量和泌乳量均相应下降；但添加微生物源性生物抗氧化剂后，采食量和泌乳量的下降较对照组缓慢，试验同期奶牛的采食量较对照组高，试验第50d的产奶量比对照组提高8．06％，乳脂率提高0．655％，乳脂量和乳蛋白量分别提高35．16％和9．03％；乳中体细胞数量明显减少，牛奶的品质明显提高。     

Study on Fans Cooling of Dairy Cowshed with Free Stall in Northern Mountainous Region of Hebei in Summer

The present objective of the study was to investigate the effect of fans cooling on dairy cow in northern mountainous region of Hebei in summer.Two cowsheds with the same structure and feeding technics were used to investigate the effect of fans on indoor temperature and humidity, physiological parameters and milking performance of dairy cow.The results showed that the average ambient temperature in cowshed with fans was 1.5℃ lower than that of the control cowshed, and the average wind velocity was 0.49 m/s higher than that of the control cowshed, reaching to 0.66 m/s.Temperature-humidity index (THI) of cowshed with fans was significantly lower than that of the control shed during the period of fans running (P<0.05).Besides, the rectal temperature and respiration rate of dairy cows in cowshed with fans were significantly lower than of the control cowshed (P<0.05), and the milk yield per cow per day was 17.0% higher than that of the control cowshed (P<0.05), however, the milk fat, milk protein and milk sugar were no significant difference from the control (P>0.05).Overall, fans could decrease indoor environment, moderate heat stress and increase performance and health of dairy cows in northern mountainous region of Hebei.     

奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定

用兰州乳房炎试验(LMT)对来自西安市某个牛场的76份奶样作隐性乳房炎检验，并对乳样进行细菌分离鉴定。结果表明，该牛场的隐性乳房炎检出率为33％，阳性乳样中细菌检出率为93．4％。阴性乳样中病原菌检出率为28％，在检出的94株细菌中，共有5种菌22株是与乳房炎有关的病原菌。其中葡萄球菌和链球菌占病原菌总数的90％以上。是引起该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌。     

乳制品中类固醇激素类化合物检测研究进展

类固醇激素又称甾体激素,是一种亲脂性的小分子物质,常作为促生长剂被违法添加,用于畜牧业和养殖业。乳制品中残留激素可通过食物链进入人体并产生一系列健康危害。乳制品中类固醇激素的残留在国内外已成为兽药残留问题关注的重点。我国在乳制品中的类固醇激素含量限制方面已颁布相关法规。本文综述类固醇激素的结构、分类及功能,以及乳制品中类固醇激素限量标准、检测方法、含量及健康风险研究进展,旨在为乳制品中的类固醇激素研究提供借鉴和参考。     

不同饲养模式对奶牛血液生化指标及激素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同饲养模式对奶牛血清生化指标及激素含量的影响。分别选择粗放饲养（EP）、集约化饲养（CP）和不完全集约化饲养（IP）模式下体重、胎次、泌乳日龄相近的健康奶牛各30头,采集血样,检测血液中各项生化指标及代谢相关激素,分析其与奶牛不同饲养模式的关系。结果表明,CP型、IP型奶牛血液中血糖（GLU）、白蛋白（ALB）、非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）、β-羟丁酸（BHB）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、脂多糖（LPS）和组胺（HIS）含量与EP型相比有升高的趋势,而血液中免疫球蛋白（IgG、IgA）、多胺（TA）含量则显著低于EP型（P<0.05）;CP型、IP型奶牛血液中胰岛素（INS）、胰岛素/胰高血糖素（INS/GC）、甲状腺素（T3）、生长激素（GH）含量与EP型相比有升高趋势,而血液中胰高血糖素（GC）含量则低于EP型。综上所述,不同饲养模式对奶牛血液生化指标及相关激素分泌有不同程度的影响,其中以CP型饲养模式较好,且CP型>IP型>EP型。     

奶山羊BLG基因敲除载体的构建

根据已知的BLG序列设计引物,通过PCR技术克隆同源臂序列,5′端同源臂2 264bp,包括外显子1,3′端同源臂4 461bp,包括全部的外显子3、4、5、6、7,分别连入克隆载体pMD18-T Simple载体中并测序。然后以含有正负筛选标记基因的ploxpⅡ载体为基础,将5′端和3′端同源臂片段先后连入其中,进行酶切、PCR鉴定。将构建好的基因敲除载体转化组成型表达Cre重组酶的大肠杆菌BM25.8,验证Loxp位点的活性。结果表明,构建了奶山羊BLG基因第2外显子缺失的基因敲除载体pBLG2T,且pBLG2T载体中的正选neo基因可以被Cre重组酶去除。为获得BLG 1条等位基因缺失型细胞株以及培育高产优质奶山羊新品种奠定基础。     

无线射频识别技术在规模化奶牛场中的应用

介绍了无线射频技术作为一种全新的识别和管理技术在现代化奶牛场中的应用情况,分析了该技术在规模化牛场管理中的优势所在,并讨论了该技术在实际应用中暴露的一些问题。     

丙酸钙对泌乳早期奶牛泌乳性能和代谢产物的影响

选用32头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上个泌乳期305 d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1、2、3组分别在基础日粮基础上添加丙酸钙100、200、300 g/d.结果显示,日粮添加丙酸钙对奶牛的采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质率无显著影响,200、300 g/d组产奶量和饲料转化效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05).200、300 g/d组血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);200、300 g/d组尿酮浓度显著低于对照组和100 g/d组(P<0.05).试验结果表明,丙酸钙适宜添加量为200 g/d.     

Hydrogen peroxide produced by a low‐molecular‐weight compound in milk with high electrical conductivity in dairy cows

In dairy cows, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) produced from a low‐molecular‐weight compound in milk from inflamed quarters was lower than that in milk from un‐inflamed quarters. In milk of delivery grade, characteristics of H₂O₂ production in milk with high electrical conductivity (EC) were examined in this study. Milk samples were collected from a total of 230 cows at 1‐month intervals, and the EC of skimmed milk was determined. Based on the highest and the lowest EC of a cow's quarter milk, the inter‐quarter difference of ≥0.6 mS/cm (mean + t_0.01 SE) was taken as a high EC. Milk with high EC was found in 52 quarters. In cows with milk of high EC, H₂O₂ production in milk with normal EC was higher than that in milk with high EC in the same animal but was lower than that in the control population. In milk with high EC, the decrease of H₂O₂ production correlated with the increase in EC. The production of H₂O₂ decreased in particular when the inter‐quarter difference exceeded 0.8 mS/cm. In milk collected from the same quarter 1 month before, EC changed from normal to high, and H₂O₂ production decreased. In milk from the other three quarters, EC remained normal and H₂O₂ production remained unchanged. We concluded that milk with high EC appeared in low H₂O₂‐producing cows. The results suggest that the degree of decrease in H₂O₂ production reflects the extent of quarter abnormality.