感官分析技术及其在乳制品中的应用

随着感官分析技术的不断发展和日趋成熟,其在食品领域中的应用越来越广泛和深入。近年来,随着对食品安全的重视以及消费水平的不断提高,感官品质逐渐成为影响产品质量和消费者购买意愿的重要指标。在乳制品行业,有越来越多的感官分析方法及研究导入,为乳制品的发展提供了重要技术支撑。本文主要介绍了感官分析技术的研究进展及常用方法,并对感官分析技术及其在乳制品中的应用进行了综述,对其未来发展进行了展望,为感官分析技术在乳制品中的应用提供理论依据。     

中国奶山羊产业发展现状和趋势

羊奶业是我国奶业的重要组成部分,是部分地区经济发展的重要支柱产业。论文简要介绍了羊奶的营养价值研究进展,世界、我国和陕西奶山羊产业的发展现状,并展望奶山羊产业发展前景,以期为我国奶山羊产业的发展提供参考。     

基于机器学习算法的奶牛疾病预测模型的研究

【目的】评估建立奶牛疾病预测模型的6种机器学习(machine learning, ML)算法的性能及预测变量的重要性。【方法】选取2020年12月至2021年11月,共计944头泌乳牛的生产信息、行为信息作为预测因子,疾病信息作为输出变量,训练并验证模型。将日产奶量、反刍量、活动量、胎次和泌乳天数作为输入变量,利用ML算法建立奶牛疾病的预测模型,评估决策树(Decision Tree, DT) C5.0、CHAID算法、人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network, ANN)、随机森林(Random Forests, RF)、贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Networks, BN)和逻辑回归(Logistic Regression, LR)6种ML算法的性能,评估预测变量的重要性,以及将胎次和泌乳天数纳入预测变量后模型性能的改善情况。采用敏感性和特异性评估模型性能,按照权重排序评估输入变量对模型预测的重要性。【结果】DT C5.0算法敏感性>85%,特异性>90%,为性能最佳的模型;RF总敏感性为56.8%,对各类牛预测的性能较稳定;ANN、BN、DT...     

奶牛酮病及其预防措施

论文简述了奶牛酮病的主要发病原因,及其对产奶量、乳汁成分、繁殖性能的影响和血酮的测定方法,以血清β-羟丁酸(β-Hydroxybutyrate,BHB)1 200μmol/L作为区分健康奶牛和亚临床奶牛的临界浓度,还概述了国内外学者对奶牛酮病预防措施的最新研究情况,预防措施包括防止奶牛产前过肥或过瘦、增强奶牛食欲、使用添加剂、避免劣质饲料和应激因素等,此外,有条件的奶牛场还应及时建立酮病监测和预测制度。     

不同水平的青贮饲料对饲喂稻草秸秆奶牛瘤胃微生物数量和微生物蛋白合成的影响

本试验的目的是确定饲粮中青贮银合欢添加水平对奶牛瘤胃微生物种群、氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择12头初始体重为163±16 kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的奶牛,随机分为4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛。基础日粮以100%的水稻秸秆为原料,处理组分别用30%、60%和100%的青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆,奶牛自由采食水稻秸秆和青贮银合欢,每天按照体重的0.2%补充浓缩料。结果表明,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆组奶牛瘤胃微生物群,尤其是纤维素分解菌、蛋白分解菌和厌氧真菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05),各组对淀粉分解菌群无显著影响(P>0.05)。原生动物种群数量随日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的增加呈线性下降(P<0.05)(P<0.05)。此外,氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成均随着日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的升高而升高(P<0.05),其中以60%青贮银合欢组最高。结论:在本试验基础上,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆可以显著提高奶牛体内的微生物数量和微生物蛋白的合成。     

柴胡提取物对热应激奶牛生产性能和血液代谢的影响

为了研究日粮中添加不同剂量的柴胡(Radix bupleuri)提取物对热应激奶牛生理指标、生产性能和血液代谢的影响,采用完全随机区组试验设计,根据产奶量、泌乳天数、胎次将48头健康的泌乳后期荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组12头,在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.5、2.5、5.0g·kg~(-1)的柴胡提取物,试验期10周。结果表明,添加柴胡提取物对直肠温度、采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白产量和体细胞评分呈二次方程的影响(P0.05),采食量、产奶量和乳蛋白产量在0.5g·kg~(-1)添加水平时数值最大,直肠温度和体细胞评分在0.5g·kg~(-1)添加水平时数值最小。随着柴胡提取物添加剂量的增加,乳尿素氮、乳脂率、总固形物和血液中白蛋白、尿素氮、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和β-羟丁酸浓度均线性降低(P0.05),甘油三酯浓度线性增加(P0.01)。与对照组相比,2.5和5.0g·kg~(-1)组的血浆尿素氮浓度显著增高(P=0.05),5.0g·kg~(-1)组的总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度显著高于对照组和0.5g·kg~(-1)组。因此,本研究建议柴胡提取物在热应激奶牛上的适宜用量为0.5g·kg~(-1),低于5.0g·kg~(-1)的剂量为安全用量。     

酶免疫分析测定法诊断奶牛早期妊娠诊断的研究与应用进展

介绍了酶免疫分析测定法的概念、种类、作用机理,及其在奶牛早期妊娠诊断的研究应用和孕酮酶免疫试剂盒的研究与应用。     

Duration of estrus induced after GnRH‐PGF2α protocol in dairy heifer

Estrous expressions in dairy cows have been shortened and weakened. Dairy heifers, on the other hand, may not have had such changes in estrous signs as observed in cows, since they have less stresses than cows. The aim of this study was to describe the duration of estrus in a herd of dairy heifers. A total of 56 Holstein Friesian heifers estrus was synchronized using two different hormonal protocols. They were checked for primary and secondary estrous signs with the help of heat detection devices for 48 h at an interval of 4 h starting at 16.00 hour, one day after PGF_2α treatment. Onset and end of standing estrus during 48 h observation period was recorded in 35 of the 44 heifers coming into estrus within 5 days after PGF_2α treatment during the observation period. The duration of standing estrus on the average (±SD) was 9.7 ± 5.3 h. Percentage of heifers with standing estrus longer than 12 h was 40%, and 53% showed standing estrus only for 4–8 h. It is indicated that duration of estrus in dairy heifers has been shortened recently.     

应用生化黄腐酸对奶牛乳房炎和生产性能的影响

通过32头泌乳奶牛饲喂生化黄腐酸的对比试验。结果表明,生化黄腐酸对奶牛乳房炎、隐性乳房炎有效率达100％,治愈率达80％;试验组比对照组产奶量提高13．84％（P〈0．05）;校正体重后试验组比对照组产奶量提高14．94％（P〈0．05）;提高饲料转化率13．79％（P〈0．05）;每头奶牛每年增加的经济效益=产奶量提高效益＋牛奶级别提高效益＋防治乳房炎、隐性乳房炎减少的牛奶损失=881．45元＋400元＋377．86元=1659．31元,增收效益显著。     

Calliandra calothyrsus as a Supplement for Milk Production in the Kenya Highlands

Two on-farm experiments and one on-station observation were conducted between July 1994 and September 1995 to study the effect of supplementation with fresh fodder of Calliandra calothyrsus on milk production from grade Friesian and Ayrshire cows in the second trimester of their lactations. The cattle were kept under zero-grazing systems on small farms in the coffee-based land use system at altitudes of 1500 to 1800 m on the slopes of Mt Kenya. These cows form a pivotal part of the farming system since they produce both milk for sale and manure for crop production. Milk production is normally in the region of 10 kg/cow per day when the animals are fed on a diet based on Napier grass and crop residues, together with 2–4 kg/day of commercial concentrate. In terms of milk production, 3 kg of fresh calliandra had the same effect on yield as 1 kg of additional dairy meal and, at normal production levels, the effects of the two supplements were strictly additive. Calliandra had a marked positive effect (about a 10% increase) on the butterfat content of the milk, a factor that was highly valued by farmers, even though institutional buyers as yet offer no premium price for milk quality. The average small farm can produce enough calliandra fodder to supplement two dairy cows and some additional small stock from relatively underutilized niches along the farm perimeter and terrace risers, without any adverse effect on current levels of crop production.