用全血短时离心培养法制备鲤鱼染色体

本实验改进了鱼类淋巴细胞培养方法,采取全血短时离心方法纯化淋巴细胞,分离效果较好,使鱼血清保留在培养液中,促进了淋巴细胞的增殖。进行染色体制片时,背景清晰,分裂相多,满足了核型分析和原位杂交等研究需要。     

澳洲长鳍鳗染色体组型的初步研究

以澳洲长鳍鳗(Anguilla reinhardtii)头肾组织为材料,采用腹腔注射植物血细胞凝集素(PHA)、秋水仙素和空气干燥法制备染色体标本,进行染色体组型分析.结果显示:澳洲长鳍鳗染色体为38条,核型公式为2n=14m+6sm+18t,NF=58;未发现随体、次级缢痕及异形染色体.     

卫星搭载对羊草种子萌发及细胞学效应的研究

试验研究了＂实践八号＂航天育种卫星搭载羊草种子后的萌发及根尖细胞学效应。结果表明：太空诱变后羊草种子的萌发能力降低,但与对照差异不显著（P〉0.05）;太空诱变促进了羊草根尖细胞的有丝分裂活动,分裂指数较对照增加24.17%;太空诱变使羊草根尖细胞在有丝分裂过程中产生微核、染色体断片、染色体粘连、落后染色体、游离染色体等畸变类型。其中,单微核是主要的核畸变类型,染色体断片为主要的染色体畸变类型。＂实践八号＂卫星搭载对羊草根尖细胞有明显的诱变效应。     

CO2浓度升高和磷素亏缺对黑麦草气孔特征及气体交换参数的影响

为深入理解未来大气CO2浓度升高背景下草地生态系统结构与功能响应土壤磷亏缺的潜在机理,该研究利用可精准控制CO2浓度的大型人工气候室,探讨了正常CO2浓度400 μmol/mol、升高CO2浓度800 μmol/mol和磷素供应水平（0.004、0.012、0.02、0.06、0.1和0.5 mmol/L）对黑麦草气孔特征及其气体交换过程的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高使供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的气孔密度增加约35%（P=0.012）和25%（P<0.001）,但却减小气孔开度13%（P=0.002）和12%（P=0.005）,且导致供磷水平为0.06 mmol/L的黑麦草气孔分布更加规则。同时,CO2浓度升高还导致供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的净光合速率显著增加8.6%（P=0.002）和15.8%（P<0.001）,从而提高黑麦草的水分利用效率。另外,不同供磷水平明显改变了植株生物量及其分配,且高浓度CO2对较高磷水平时地上生长产生更强的施肥效应。研究结果将为深入理解草地生态系统对大气CO2浓度升高和土壤磷素亏缺的响应机理提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

两种方法分析大鳞鲃染色体核型的比较研究

染色体核型分析是细胞遗传学研究的主要内容。为了获得准确、便捷的染色体核型分析方法,以引进耐盐碱品种大鳞鲃为实验材料,取头肾细胞冷滴片法制备染色体标本,采用E-ruler测量软件和Photoshop图像软件结合完成了染色体核型分析,并与常规方法的测量结果、核型分析进行了比较。结果显示,E-ruler软件与常规方法对伸展平直染色体的测量无显著差异,前者对弯曲形态染色体的测量结果更为准确;Photoshop图像软件能剔除染色体中期分裂相照片的背景,准确判断着丝粒的位置,快速、便捷地完成染色体核型图拼贴。研究表明,利用E-ruler软件和Photoshop软件相结合可获得准确、清晰的核型分析结果,本方法适用于其他鱼类和生物的染色体核型分析。染色体分析结果显示,大鳞鲃的染色体组为二倍体,未发现与性别有关的异型染色体,核型公式为2n=100=12m+38sm+38st+12t,NF=150。同鲃科其他鱼类的核型相比,大鳞鲃与国内几种倒刺鲃核型类似,具有鲃亚科进化核型特征。     

First feeding of diploid and triploid yellowtail tetra Astyanax altiparanae: An initial stage for application in laboratory studies

In this study, the aim was to establish a protocol for first feeding of diploid and triploid yellowtail tetra Astyanax altiparanae in laboratory conditions. The fry were fed with five different diets: (i) Artemia franciscana nauplii, (ii) plankton, (iii) dry food, (iv) Artemia franciscana nauplii + plankton, and (v) Artemia nauplii + plankton + dry food. Additionally, the growth and survival rates of diploid and triploid individuals were also evaluated. On day 10, the length of the fish between the treatments differed significantly (p = .0001) and ranged from 4.07 ± 0.06 mm (dry food) to 8.50 ± 0.64 mm (plankton + Artemia). The sizes of the fish increased with time, except for the fish fed with dry food. The survival rates were similar for the fish fed with the four diets and ranged from 80.7 ± 5.4% (dry food + plankton + Artemia to 92.0 ± 1.6% (plankton + Artemia), but differed from the fish fed with dry food (17.7 ± 5.8%, p = .0017). Diploids and triploids did not present differences on day 0 (p = .2252) and on day 10 (p = .4844) when the fish presented 6.77 ± 0.25 mm and 6.54 ± 0.15 mm respectively. Survival of diploids (87.3 ± 5.13%) and triploids (74.67 ± 2.30%) were also similar (p = .0285). These data are innovative and useful for establishing protocols for this species in both academic and applied sciences.     

褐菖鮋的染色体核型及其自发畸变率

褐菖Ｏ的染色体核型及其自发畸变率潘蔚明（浙江省海洋水产研究所，舟山３１６１００）关键词褐菖Ｏ，核型，染色体畸变ＴＨＥＫＡＲＹＯＴＹＰＥＡＮＤＴＨＥＲＡＴＥＯＦＣＨＲＯＭＯＳＯＭＥＳＰＯＮＬＡＮＥＯＵＳＧＥＮＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＡＢＥＲＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＳＥＢ...     

The effect of colchicine on triticale anther-derived plants: Microspore pre-treatment and haploid-plant treatment using a hydroponic recovery system

In cereals, chromosome doubling of microspore-derived haploid plants is a critical step in producing doubled haploid plants. This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of incorporation of colchicine in the induction medium for anther culture, and the effect of colchicine on anther culture-derived plants of triticale grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. In the latter case, chromosome doubling of adult sterile plants derived from anther culture of fourteen triticale populations was attempted, where androgenetic plants with non-dehiscent anthers were cloned and subjected to the colchicine treatment, and then grown with the aid of hydroponics. The hydroponic system provided optimal conditions for recovery of the affected haploids from the toxic effects of colchicine treatment and all colchicine-treated plants survived. A topcross-F₁ (TC₁F₁) population with timopheevii cytoplasm produced the highest percentage of plants with seed-set either due to chromosome doubling by colchicine (98%) or spontaneous doubling of chromosome number (15%). Colchicine-treated anthers performed inferior than control in both induction and regeneration phases. One of the key observation of this study was the reversal from reproductive stage back to the vegetative stage which in turn enabled further cloning of haploid plants under hydroponic conditions once they were identified as sterile. The one hundred percent survival rate of in vitro-derived plants, 100% survival rate of colchicine treated haploid plants and the high chromosome doubling success rate (X = 82.3) observed in this study imply that a temperature-controlled greenhouse with an hydroponic system provides an efficient environment for inducing chromosome doubling of haploid plants in cereals. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

鲤鱼血淋巴细胞培养及染色体制备条件探索

从鲤鱼侧线鳞处静脉采血于含有肝素的一次性注射器中，采用RPMI1640全培养基进行体外淋巴细胞培养。通过对采血后细胞培养时间、秋水仙素浓度及加入时间、低渗时间及温度等条件的摸索，建立了较成熟的培养鱼类血淋巴细胞的实验方法。     

澳洲宝石鲈染色体核型分析

对5尾澳洲宝石鲈(Scortum bacoo)87个中期分裂相进行了显微计数和测量。结果显示:澳洲宝石鲈染色体数目为2 n=48,其中有2对为中部着丝粒染色体,其余22对为端部着丝粒染色体,其核型公式为2 n=4 m+44 t,NF=52。澳洲宝石鲈染色体大小的绝对值为(1.19±0.16)μm~(3.37±0.28)μm,平均长度为(2.31±0.17)μm。24对染色体相对长度大小差异较显著,平均值为4.17±0.08。