Survey of Systems for Comparative Ranking of Agents that Pose a Bioterroristic Threat

Strong efforts are made to improve preparedness for the prevention and counteraction of possible deliberate release of highly pathogenic biological agents at national and international level. An objective risk assessment for highly pathogenic biological agents is urgently needed for the purpose of prioritizing measures, evaluating the vulnerabilities and supporting rapid decisions on a scientific base in case of an emergency. Hitherto, several differing ranking schemes were developed. In general, the purpose of such ranking schemes is a comparative classification of agents under consideration of different transmission paths as well as agents threatening human and/or animal health. The analysed prioritization methods differ from qualitative to (semi‐)quantitative with each its benefits and disadvantages in preciseness of the result, complexity and duration of the assessment but also in comprehensibility. Mainly, risk was defined as the product of probability and impact. In this survey, factors frequently used for the assessment of the probability and impact of a deliberate agent release were identified. Main criteria for the probability of an application were the history of use, the accessibility of the agent and possible paths of introduction and contamination as well as the feasibility of agent production. For the estimation of the impact, mainly the agent's effects on human and/or veterinary public health, depending on the target population, were examined. This includes the morbidity and mortality rates as well as the severity of induced illness, possible measures for diagnosis, and treatment and prevention. Furthermore, the economic and socioeconomic consequences were considered. In this review, the authors give an overview on open‐source publications dealing with risk ranking of biological agents by outlining the criteria that were applied for risk ranking.     

乡村振兴背景下传统村落活化引导研究——以徽文化核心区124个中国传统村落为例

传统村落活化引导是乡村振兴战略实施的必然要求。以徽文化核心区124个中国传统村落为例,基于乡村振兴战略要求构建研究框架及评价指标体系,运用耦合协调度模型划分类型并提出引导策略。结果表明:传统村落活化包括环境、经济、社会、文化、机制等方面;徽文化核心区传统村落整体活化水平一般且地域差异显著;传统村落活化可划分为宜居协调、产业发展、社会发展、文化特色、管理有效五大类型。从改善人居环境、增强产业融合、营造村落共同体、促进资源转化和加强组织协同等方面提出传统村落活化分类引导策略,可为其他区域有关研究实践提供参考。