鄂东北枫香林更新演替研究

实地调查了红安天台山的枫香(Liquidambar formosana)纯林、枫香-锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata Maxim)等阔叶混交林、枫香-马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)针阔混交林3种森林类型的12个样地,分别选用特卡钦科法、分层频度法评价各森林类型的更新等级和演替趋势。结果表明,3种森林群落的优势树种更新较差,幼苗数量比较少,主要受郁闭度、坡向、坡度和坡位的影响。阔叶纯林(枫香林)将演替为以枫香、锐齿槲栎和化香(Platycarya strobilacea Sieb.et Zucc.)为主要组成树种的阔叶混交林;以枫香为主的阔叶混交林在一定时期内将演替为阔叶混交林;而针阔混交林将演替为阔叶混交林。     

抚育间伐对大兴安岭天然用材林冠层结构及光环境特征的影响1）

以大兴安岭天然用材林为研究对象,利用冠层分析仪对不同抚育间伐后的冠层结构及光学特性进行测定,分析冠层结构各项指标参数之间的相关性、抚育间伐后冠层结构及光环境特征的变化情况,并运用主成分分析法对间伐后冠层结构变化进行了综合评价。结果表明：大兴安岭天然用材林主要冠层指标林隙分数、开度、叶面积指数、总定点因子和冠下总光合有效辐射通量之间有显著相关性（ P＜0．01）,并且这些指标的相关性不受间伐强度的影响;随着间伐强度的增加,叶面积指数呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其余冠层指标林隙分数、开度、直接定点因子、总定点因子和冠下直接光合有效辐射通量及冠下总光合有效辐射通量均呈现先减小后增大的趋势;中等间伐强度能极大改善冠层结构和光分布的合理性,间伐强度为19％时抚育效果最佳。     

玉米群体生长与光截获的动态模拟及应用

【目的】群体光截获对玉米生长发育及产量形成均有重要的影响,合理的群体结构直接决定着玉米产量的增加与稳定。群体结构的测量较为繁琐,费时费力,且不能与当地太阳辐射情况充分结合,从而无法对群体结构和功能做出整体的评价。因此,有必要构建合理、简便的玉米群体光截获动态模型,结合群体不同生育期的形态指标与光辐射情况,对群体结构做出快速而精准的评价,为不同区域玉米品种选择、播种密度确定、以及后期管理等提供参考意见。【方法】将玉米群体结构模型与光分布模型相结合,建立简易可靠的群体光截获动态模型。该模型可模拟玉米整个生育期群体光截获的动态变化,并对不同生育期群体结构做出相应的评价。同时,在中国农业大学吴桥实验站开展了两个田间试验,对模型的准确性和应用功能进行了验证。试验均为三因素,分别为品种、密度和氮肥处理,其中试验一:设置2个品种(郑单958,丹玉405),3个密度(4.5×10~4,6.0×10~4,7.5×10~4株/hm~2)和3个氮肥处理(不施氮;施氮180 kg·hm~(-2),于播前、大喇叭口期和吐丝期以1:4:1的比例施入;施氮270 kg·hm~(-2),于播前、大喇叭口期和吐丝期以4:4:1的比例施入);试验二:设置1个品种(郑单958)、1个密度(8.25×10~4株/hm~2)和6个播期(4月20日,5月5日与20日,6月4日与18日,7月3日)。在两个试验中,对玉米不同生育期的群体形态指标、干物重、及产量均进行了测定。【结果】吐丝期和灌浆中期的群体光截获率模拟值与测量值的相关系数分别为0.91和0.85,均达到显著相关。运用该模型对两个田间试验数据的模拟结果显示,光截获率(量)随灌浆期的推进呈先增后减的趋势,吐丝后50 d光截获衰减加速。在试验地区,密度超过6×104株/hm~2时,光截获随密度变化不大;播期为6月中上旬时形成的玉米群体具有较为理想的光截获能力,结构功能潜力较大。产量与灌浆期有效光辐射呈正相关,但相关性随生育期推进逐渐减弱,表明灌浆后期产量的增加对群体光截获的需求减弱。在玉米生长发育后期物质转移对产量的贡献可能发挥着更加重要的作用。产量与群体光截获相关性的动态变化与品种有关,紧凑株型优于平展型。【结论】选择株型紧凑且生育后期群体结构维持较好的玉米品种,通过增加密度可进一步增加夏玉米产量。调整播期增强灌浆初期光合效率也是有效的增产方法之一。     

新疆超高产棉花叶、铃空间分布及与群体光合生产的关系

【目的】研究超高产棉花冠层叶面积分布、叶倾角、主茎节间长度等指标的变化,探讨叶片空间配置对冠层结构的影响及与群体光合生产的关系,揭示超高产形成的机理。【方法】定向培育棉花超高产田,系统测定高产棉花不同生育时期叶面积指数、叶倾角、主茎节间长度等指标的空间分布,分析冠层结构变化对群体光合速率的影响及与棉铃空间分布的关系。【结果】单产皮棉4 000 kg•hm-2超高产棉花吐絮前株高72.3-87.7 cm,主茎平均节间长度为7.15-7.20 cm,中上部节间较长;盛花期至盛铃后期叶面积指数在冠层上、中、下3层的分布比例为1﹕1﹕1,上部叶片的叶倾角为48.8-53.8、中部41.0-49.3、下部30.1-40.1,叶片群体光合速率上、中、下层的分布比例为1.5﹕1.5﹕1;至吐絮期,冠层上部的叶面积指数维持在0.95-1.76,叶片群体光合速率为8.1-13.2 μmol•m-2•s-1,占叶片总群体光合速率的45.9%-59.8%;植株上、中、下部结铃数的比例为1.8﹕1.2﹕1,冠层上层铃数较多,铃库所占比例大。【结论】超高产棉花形成的生理基础在于,盛花期至盛铃后期主茎中上部节间长,叶层间隙及叶倾角大,中下部叶面积指数分布比例高,叶片群体光合速率高且在冠层垂直方向呈均匀分布;吐絮期上层叶面积指数和叶片群体光合速率下降缓慢,棉铃空间分布与叶片群体光合速率的空间分布相吻合,叶铃关系协调。     

Spectral indices measured with proximal sensing using canopy reflectance sensor, chlorophyll meter and leaf color chart for in-season grain yield prediction of basmati rice

A number of optical sensing tools are now available and can potentially be used for refining need-based fertilizer nitrogen (N) topdressing decisions.Algorithms for estimating field-specific fertilizer N needs are based on predictions of yield made while the crops are still growing in the field.The present study was conducted to establish and validate yield prediction models using spectral indices measured with proximal sensing using GreenSeeker canopy reflectance sensor,soil and plant analyzer ...     

Measurement variability in soybean water status and soil‐nutrient extraction in a row spacing study in the U.S. southeastern coastal plain

Abstract

Full‐season determinate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] was grown in the field in a humid climate for three seasons (1979–81). The objective was to examine variability in several methods of determining basic relationships between soil and plant water status in a range of canopy configurations and to examine treatment effects on soil‐nutrient extraction. In each year, two cultivars, “Davis” (group VI) and “Coker 338” (group VIII) were planted in four row spacings. In 1980 and 1981 the experiment was expanded and split for irrigation and row orientation (N—S or E‐W). Post‐harvest soil samples were collected and analyzed to determine if irrigation, row spacing, or cultivar influenced K, Ca, and Mg extraction patterns.

During the growing seasons, parallel leaf diffusive resistance (R_s) was poorly correlated with xylem pressure potential (ψ_x), canopy s x temperature (T_c), canopy minus air temperature (?T), leaf vapor pressure deficit (LVPD), and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in single factor correlations. Xylem pressure potential was highly correlated with T_c , ?T, VPD, and LVPD, but was poorly correlated with soil water potential. Both ψ_x and T_c were significantly affected by the imposition of shade from a 60% shading cloth within as little as 1 minute of shade imposition. The impact of cultivar on seasonal ψ_x was significant and was nearly half the magnitude of the observed difference caused by irrigation. Irrigation raised ψ_x by only 2.2 bars over the two—year observation period, in spite of large differences in soil water potential when irrigation was imposed. The impact of canopy configuration was not measureable in any water relations parameter except infrared‐determined T_c. Correlation of T and ψ_x was significantly more reliable when limited to a single variety, row spacing, and row orientation. Aspect of infrared temperature measurement also significantly affected observed T_c.

Analysis of post‐harvest soil samples indicated that narrow (50 cm) row spacing in 1980 and irrigation in 1981 significantly decreased post—harvest Mehlich No. I extractable K, but none of the cultural practices influenced extractable Ca or Mg at P(0.05). In 1980, ex‐tractable K within soybean rows was significantly greater than between rows. Similar trends were observed for Ca and Mg in 1980 and for all 3 nutrients in 1981, but those differences were not significant at P(0.05). Overall, these measurements quantify the difficulty in relating soil and plant water status and identifying nutrient extraction patterns in sandy soils within the humid U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plain.     

一种改进的树冠截留降雨试验方法

设计了一种基于计算承雨器四周各1m范围内树冠郁闭度，进而通过一次降雨试验可观测到不同郁闭度级林冠截留降雨量的方法，解决了以往林冠截留降雨量测试中林冠疏密和树冠间隙分布不均引起的测量结果误差较大的难题。     

氮肥对水稻叶冠层捕食性天敌种群及其自然控制能力的影响

为了公正地评价氮肥对整个稻田生态系统的影响，在国际水稻研究所试验场分别设立0、100和200kg／hm^2三个氮肥水平，测定了水稻主要特性参数和叶冠层捕食性天敌的种群动态，同时以果蝇蛹作为替代猎物的方法在田间模拟评价了叶冠层捕食性天敌对害虫的自然控制能力。结果表明，虽然施用200kg／hm^2氮肥稻田的稻株高度、叶面积和稻草干重显著比施用100kg／hm^2氮肥稻田的高，但每丛分蘖数和稻谷产量则没有明显差异。在水稻叶冠层中，肖蛸、圆蛛、黑肩绿盲蝽、稻红瓢虫和捕食性螅等为稻飞虱主要捕食性天敌。肖蛸在水稻孕穗期的数量最高，圆蛛的种群随水稻的生长而下降，但黑肩绿盲蝽、稻红瓢虫和捕食性螅的数量却均随水稻的生长而增加。施用氮肥后稻田中肖蛸和稻红瓢虫的种群数量显著减少。在水稻孕穗期，叶冠层上蜘蛛网的数量和蜘蛛网总面积均随氮肥施用量的提高而显著减少。在水稻孕穗期和乳熟期，不施用氮肥稻田中的捕食性天敌对替代猎物果蝇蛹的捕食能力显著高于其它两个施用氮肥的稻田中的捕食能力。而在乳熟期施用100kg／hm^2氮肥稻田的捕食能力又显著比施用200kg／hm^2氮肥稻田的高。结果说明过量施用氮肥可削弱天敌对害虫的自然控制作用。     

Does soil nitrogen affect early competitive traits of annual weeds in comparison with maize?

Soil nitrogen (N) is considered an important driver of crop‐weed interactions, yet the mechanisms involved have been only partially explored, especially with respect to early‐season growth, when competitive hierarchies are formed. This study characterises the effects of different N levels on biomass accumulation and plant morphology for maize (Zea mays), and four important weed species (Amaranthus retroflexus, Abutilon theophrasti, Setaria faberi, and Chenopodium album). Under glasshouse conditions, plants were grown in separate pots and irrigated with nutrient solution at four N concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 2, 5 μm L⁻¹) until 57 days after emergence. Except for S. faberi, which was unresponsive to N, the relative biomass growth rates (RGR) of maize and the broad‐leaved weeds were positively and similarly affected by increasing nitrogen. At all N levels, maize had a height advantage by virtue of its larger seed size, which conferred early growth benefits independent of RGR. At low N, biomass growth was instrumental to S. faberi’s improved competitive position, whereas height development per unit biomass improved the competitive position of A. theophrasti, C. album and A. retroflexus. The approach presented could be applied to other crop‐weed systems to evaluate environmental impacts on competitive outcomes.     

天山云杉林林冠干扰前后植物多样性及其与环境的关系

林冠干扰后，林窗内因小环境的改变使得植被作出相应的反应。1999年对天山云杉林林窗内和林内的植被进行的调查结果表明：在本研究范围内的天山云杉林中，经过林冠干扰后，植被受一定的影响。林冠空隙内丰富度指数均大于林内；36．7％的林冠空隙内个体生态优势度小于林内；76．7％的林内的均匀度指数大于林冠空隙内；66．7％的林冠空隙Shannon个体多样性指数大于林内。林冠干扰前后，各环境因子和植物多样性之间有一定的相关关系。影响林冠空隙内各多样性指数的因子包括海拔、有效N、有机质、全K、全P和总盐，有效N、有机质、全K、全P和总盐对均匀度指数有显著性影响；而影响林内各多样性指数的因子包括坡向、坡位、坡度、光照强度、有效N、全K、全P和总盐，但仅有坡向、坡度、光照强度对生态优势度指数有显著性影响。