Application of biochar in mitigation of negative effects of salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects crop production throughout the world. Biochar is an activated carbon soil conditioner that can alleviate the negative impacts of salinity. The research was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of 1% and 2% of biochar application on wheat seed germination and growth attributes under salinity. Both levels of biochar improved the germination and growth conditions under salinity; however, 2% biochar level was more effective compared to 1% level. Root and shoot length increased up to 23% and11% with 2% biochar, respectively. The maximum increase of 16% and 10% in leaf water potential and osmotic potential was noted with 2% biochar at 150 mM salt. The decrease in proline content and soluble sugar at 2% biochar was 51% and 27%, respectively. Decrease in superoxide dismutase activity was 15.3% at 2% level of biochar under stress biochar mitigates the negative effects of salinity and improved wheat productivity.     

Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

生物炭对连作草莓光合特性及光响应的影响

为了寻求缓解草莓连作障碍的有效途径,以佐贺清香草莓品种为试验材料,盆栽条件下在连作8 a草莓的土壤中分别添加质量分数为0%、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%、0.60%的小麦秸秆生物炭,研究不同生物炭用量对草莓光合响应参数的影响。结果表明,连作土壤中添加生物炭的量影响了草莓的光合生理,添加一定量的生物炭在一定程度上可以缓解连作障碍。当生物炭添加量为0.30%时,草莓具有更大的光合潜力,其叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量分别比不添加生物炭对照提高37.20%、85.57%和55.14%,差异显著。随着生物炭添加量的增加,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量表现为先升高然后降低的趋势,且均在生物炭添加量为0.30%时达到最大值。表观量子效率和最大净光合速率的变化趋势与叶绿素含量表现一致,表现为0.30%生物炭处理时最高,且分别比对照增加16.62%和32.29%;而当生物炭用量继续增加时,光合作用受阻,且0.30%生物炭处理对弱光的利用能力最强。与不添加生物炭相比,0.15%和0.30%生物炭处理呼吸效率升高,0.45%和0.60%生物炭处理草莓呼吸效率降低。生物炭添加量为0.30%时光补偿点最低。相关性分析表明,叶绿素a含量能较好地反映草莓最大净光合速率的大小,而总叶绿素含量值则能很好地反映草莓在强光下进行光合作用能力的大小。综上,添加一定生物炭,有利于草莓光合色素的合成,提高了光合能力,有助于草莓干物质的积累,在连作土壤中添加0.30%生物炭时最有利于缓解连作障碍对草莓光合生理的影响,叶绿素能较好地反映草莓的光合作用能力,这对草莓设施生产管理具有一定的指导意义。     

生物炭对干旱胁迫下蓝盆花生长及根际土壤真菌丰度的影响

以蓝盆花为试材,在土壤中分别施入浓度为0、10、20、30、40 g·kg^-1的玉米秸秆生物炭,研究了玉米秸秆生物炭施用对干旱胁迫下蓝盆花生长及根际土壤真菌丰度的影响,以期为利用生物炭缓解干旱胁迫对园林植物的生长提供科学依据。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,T2处理下蓝盆花的株高、茎粗、根数和根鲜质量均显著高于CK,其中在处理20 d后,分别比对照高26.23%、17.79%、26.67%和13.93%,T1和T3处理下蓝盆花的株高、茎粗、根数与对照差异不显著,T4处理下蓝盆花的各形态指标均显著低于对照。生物炭处理后还提高了干旱胁迫下土壤真菌丰度,随着生物炭含量的升高,土壤中子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门、壶菌门和球囊菌门,以及子囊菌门未分类或未识别科、毛壳菌科、小子囊菌科、毛球壳科、丛赤壳科、小疱毛科、假球壳科以及担子菌门蘑菇科、接合菌门被孢霉科和半知菌亚门掷孢酵母科,所占群落比例均呈抛物线状变化,T2处理下,上述真菌在门和科分类水平所占群落的比例最大。在干旱胁迫下子囊菌门小子囊菌科、毛壳菌科、毛球壳科、接合菌门被孢霉科在促进蓝盆花生长方面的作用较为显著。土壤中施入浓度为20 g·kg^-1生物炭最能缓解干旱胁迫对蓝盆花生长产生的影响。     

Changes in phosphorus fractions in three tropical soils amended with corn cob and rice husk biochars

ABSTRACT

The formation of phosphorus (P) compounds including iron-P, aluminum-P and calcium-P in highly weathered tropical soils can be altered upon biochar addition. We investigated the effect of corn cob biochar (CC) and rice husk biochar (RH) pyrolyzed at three temperatures (300°C, 450°C and 650°C) on phosphorus (P) fractions of three contrasting soils. A 90d incubation study was conducted by mixing biochar with soil at a rate of 1% w/w and at 70% field capacity. Sequential P fraction was performed on biochar, soil and soil-biochar mixtures. Increase in most labile P (resin-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_i) and organic P fraction (NaHCO₃-P_o + NaOH-P_o) in CC and RH biochars were inversely related to increasing temperature. HCl-P_i and residual P increased with increasing temperature. Interaction of CC and RH with soils resulted in an increase in most labile P as well as moderately labile P (NaOH-P_i) fractions in the soils. CC increased most labile P in the soils more than RH. The increase in most labile P fraction in soils was more significant at relatively lower temperatures (300°C and 450°C) than 650°C. However, the increase in HCl-P_i and residual P of the soils was more predominant at high temperature (650°C). The study suggested that biochar pyrolyzed at 300–450°C could be used to increase P bioavailability in tropical soils.     

烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施对植烟土壤有机碳组分及微生物的影响

采用盆栽试验,设置空白对照(CK)、化肥(F)、烟秆生物质炭(B)、烟秆生物质炭配施化肥(BF)4个施肥水平,配施化肥参考烟草专用肥养分配比(N︰P2O5︰K2O=12︰7︰22)与烟秆生物质炭混合施用,探究烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施对植烟土壤有机碳组分及微生物的影响。结果表明：(1)与单施烟秆生物质炭相比,烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施土壤pH显著降低6.59%;土壤有机碳(SOC)和易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量显著增加,但土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量显著降低29.63%,土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)影响不显著;(2)与单施化肥相比,烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施使得土壤脱氢酶活性大幅提高近2倍;而与单施烟秆生物质炭相比,土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性则显著降低;(3)烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施,能够提高土壤细菌群落丰富度及物种多样性;同时,与单施烟秆生物质炭相比,配施化肥使参与土壤有机质分解的土壤绿弯菌门相对丰度提高了16.79%,但土壤细菌α、β多样性显著降低;(4)RDA分析表明,土壤SOC、EOC、POC、MBC是影响土壤有机质分解和参与碳循环细菌分布的主要因素。综上所述,...     

热解温度对畜禽粪便生物炭产率及理化特性的影响

以鸡粪、猪粪渣和牛粪为原料,采用室内密闭低氧制备生物炭,研究不同温度(350、450、550、650、750 ℃)下,畜禽粪便生物炭的产率和理化特性.结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,畜禽粪便生物炭灰分、pH、电导率、盐分、全P和全K含量逐渐增加,而炭化产率、挥发分含量、固定碳产率、全N含量逐渐降低,同时生物炭表面超微结构粗糙程度加剧.综合分析确定,获得高炭化产率和低氮损失的适宜热解温度为450 ℃,该温度下生物炭品质优劣依次为牛粪、猪粪渣、鸡粪.畜禽粪便生物炭具有较高pH和总养分含量,可作为酸性土壤调理剂和有机肥生产辅料.     

玉米秸秆炭对红壤镉吸附及养分含量、赋存形态的影响

为明确玉米秸秆炭添加对土壤重金属镉(Cd)的吸附固持及主要养分元素N、P形态转化的影响,以土壤质量0%、2%、4%和8%的比例向红壤中加入玉米秸秆生物质炭材料,混合后培养35 d,通过等温吸附实验探究玉米秸秆炭施加对红壤中Cd~(2+)吸附的影响及其作用机制,并结合逐级化学提取法对红壤养分元素N、P和K的生物可利用性及其赋存形态变化进行研究。结果表明,玉米秸秆炭的施加能增加红壤p H值和有机碳总量,并显著提高红壤上Cd~(2+)的吸附量,Freundlich和Langmuir方程均能够较好拟合该等温吸附过程(R20.90);SEM-EDAX分析表明生物质炭吸附了部分土壤中的Cd~(2+),在p H 4~8范围内,土壤p H值的增大促进了红壤对Cd~(2+)的吸附;土壤悬液Zeta电位结果表明玉米秸秆炭的施加增加了土壤表面的负电荷量,使得红壤通过静电吸附作用结合更多的Cd~(2+)。此外,生物质炭的施加提高了土壤中离子交换态磷(KCl-P)、离子交换态氮(IEF-N)和速效钾含量,土壤中不同形态磷(Ca-P、Fe-P)含量随着生物质炭的增加均呈现上升趋势,而土壤中总可转化态氮(TTN)的含量则变化不明显。以上结果表明,玉米秸秆炭的施用能有效降低重金属污染土壤的环境风险,提高土壤质量。     

球磨生物炭的性质及其对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的毒性效应研究

为研究球磨生物炭的微生物毒性效应,采用元素分析、比表面积分析(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及傅立叶红外(FTIR)表征等手段研究了500℃裂解小麦秸秆生物炭(BC)和球磨生物炭(BM)的性质,采用毒性暴露实验分析了不同浓度(0、10、20、50、100、200 mg·L~(-1))下两种生物炭对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)ATCC 25922和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)ATCC 25923的毒性效应。结果表明:BC的比表面积为98 m~2·g~(-1),而BM的比表面积提升到309 m~2·g~(-1),球磨可以增加生物炭中含氧官能团的数量;在0.9%NaCl溶液中,添加10 mg·L~(-1)的BM时,S.aureus存活率为90.1%,E.coli存活率为98.2%。当浓度增大到200 mg·L~(-1)时,S.aureus的存活率降低为23.5%,E.coli的存活率仍可达91.8%;而在LB培养基中,BM浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)时,S.aureus的存活率增加到58.1%;相同条件下,BM对微生物的毒性显著强于BC,这可能与粒子大小差异相关。而BM对革兰氏阳性菌S.aureus的毒性显著强于革兰氏阴性菌E.coli,这可能与E.coli产生的胞外聚合物(EPS)有关;添加活性氧自由基(ROS)消除剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)发现,氧化损伤是造成S.aureus细胞死亡的主要原因,但是纳米颗粒对细胞的机械碰撞等其他因素也有可能是BM产生毒性的原因。研究表明BM对微生物具有一定的环境毒性效应,因此在BM使用过程中应注意其可能的环境影响。     

黑土区坡耕地生物炭应用模式综合效益研究

为探究黑土区坡耕地不同生物炭应用模式（不同生物炭施用量和施用年限）的综合效益,以东北黑土区坡度为3°耕地径流小区为研究对象,于2015—2018年,设置不加生物炭的常规处理（C0）和生物炭施加量分别为25 t/hm²（C25）、50 t/hm²（C50）、75 t/hm²（C75）、100 t/hm²（C100）共5个处理,分析不同施炭量以及施炭年限的综合效益,结果表明：在生态效益方面,生物炭能够有效改善土壤结构、增强土壤肥力、提高土壤蓄水保土能力,在施炭量为50 t/hm²时,连续施用2年,土壤蓄水保土效果最佳;连续施用3年,土壤结构最为理想;施炭量为100 t/hm²时,连续施用4年,土壤肥力最佳。在经济效益方面,生物炭能够有效提高作物节水增产性能及其经济产值,施用1年、施炭量为75 t/hm²时,水分利用效率最大;连续施用2年、施炭量为25 t/hm²时,生物炭边际生产力最大,施炭量每增加1 t,产量增加1...