育苗基质喷施海藻肥对番茄幼苗生长的影响

以番茄‘合作908’为试材,在筛选出的3种稻壳基质中进行育苗,通过喷施5种不同浓度海藻肥,研究育苗基质和海藻肥耦合效应对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明∶番茄幼苗在3种育苗基质中生长存在显著差异,以腐熟稻壳∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=6∶2∶2(T2)处理幼苗生长最健壮;喷施800倍液海藻肥处理效果最佳,其株高、茎粗、干鲜重、根系活力及壮苗指数均显著高于其他浓度处理;壮苗指数多因素方差分析结果表明：基质种类×海藻肥对壮苗指数存在互作（P=0.029）,其中基质种类影响程度大于海藻肥;T2基质+喷施800倍液海藻肥处理幼苗生长最佳,根系活力和壮苗指数分别比对照提高24.04%和19.05%。此结果可以为工厂化番茄优质种苗培育提供理论依据。     

草坪草屑的加工与利用

我国每年修剪草坪产生大量的草坪草屑,对草坪草屑的加工利用,可以对我国能源、饲料、肥料及蛋白资源的短缺起到一定的缓解作用,因此如何对草坪草屑进行合理利用已成为一项重要的研究课题。本文综述了草坪草屑能源化、饲料化、肥料化和深加工4种利用方式,详细介绍了草坪草屑在发酵生产能源、饲喂家畜、堆肥还坪以及加工叶蛋白等方面的研究进展,指出禾本科草坪草屑和豆科草坪草屑应采用不同的处理方式,对各加工方式的投入和产出也应进行进一步的量化核算,同时总结并展望了草坪草屑利用方式的发展前景。     

测土配方施肥普及过程中农户层面存在的问题以及改进建议

目前,测土配方施肥工作虽然取得了阶段性成效,但实际推广规模仍难突破,7个环节中都逐一有问题暴露,而农户作为测土配方施肥技术推广的最终环节所突显的问题极大地限制了测土配方施肥技术的普及,就农户层面出现的问题提出建议。     

不同菌渣肥施用量对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

为筛选适宜的菌渣肥配方,减轻农业副产物对环境的危害,提高农业生产的可持续性,以不施菌渣肥为对照(CK-JZ0),探讨了菌渣、牛粪不同体积配比的菌渣肥(JZA(纯菌渣)、JZB(菌渣/牛粪=0.5)、JZC(菌渣/牛粪=1)、JZD(菌渣/牛粪=2)在3 000(JZ1)、6 000(JZ2)、9 000(JZ3)kg/hm23个施用量水平上对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,采用菌渣和牛粪配合施用时,在施用量较低(3 000 kg/hm2)或两者配比不适宜(JZD)时对产量有抑制作用,在适宜的施用量(6 000 kg/hm2、9 000 kg/hm2)和适宜的配比(JZA、JZB、JZC)下才表现出较为明显的增产效果。与CK-JZ0相比,当菌渣和牛粪配合施用量为6 000 kg/hm2时,JZB处理对小麦株高、总干物质量、穗粒数以及JZA处理对小麦的穗粒数有连续稳定的促进作用,JZA处理平均较CK-JZ0增产4.7%;当菌渣和牛粪配合施用量为9 000 kg/hm2时,JZA、JZB、JZC处理对株高、穗长、穗粒数以及JZD处理对穗粒数有持续稳定的促进作用,其中JZB、JZC处理表现出稳定的增产效果,平均分别较CKJZ0增产6.7%、15.9%。     

不同施肥水平对双低油菜产量和含油率的影响

本试验研究了不同施肥水平对优质双低油菜青油46号产量、产油量和含油率的影响。结果表明;在一定范围内,增施磷、钾肥有利于油菜含油率的提高;而增施氮、钾肥有利于油菜产量的增加。     

Effect of mineral nitrogen fertilizer forms on N2O emissions from arable soils in winter wheat production

Nitrogen fertilizers are supposed to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from arable soils. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of N forms on N₂O emissions from arable fields cropped with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In three field trials in North‐West Germany (two trials in 2011/2012, one trial in 2012/2013), direct N₂O emissions during a one‐year measurement period, starting after application of either urea, ammonium sulfate (AS) or calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), were compared at an application rate of 220 kg N ha^?1. During the growth season (March to August) of winter wheat, N₂O emission rates were significantly higher in all three field experiments and in all treatments receiving N fertilizer than from the non‐fertilized treatments (control). At two of the three sites, cumulative N₂O emissions from N fertilizer decreased in the order of urea > AS > CAN, with emissions ranging from 522–617 g N ha^?1 (0.24–0.28% of applied fertilizer) for urea, 368–554 g N ha^?1 (0.17–0.25%) for AS, and 242–264 g N ha^?1 (0.11–0.12%) for CAN during March to August. These results suggest that mineral nitrogen forms can differ in N₂O emissions during the growth period of winter wheat. Strong variations in the seasonal dynamics of N₂O emissions between sites were observed which could partly be related to weather events (e.g., precipitation). Between harvest and the following spring (post‐harvest period) no significant differences in N₂O emissions between fertilized and non‐fertilized treatments were detected on two of three fields. Only on one site post‐harvest emissions from the AS treatment were significantly higher than all other fertilizer forms as well as compared to the control treatment. The cumulative one‐year emissions varied depending on fertilizer form across the three field sites from 0.05% to 0.51% with one exception at one field site (AS: 0.94%). The calculated overall fertilizer induced emission averaged for the three fields was 0.38% which was only about 1/3 of the IPCC default value of 1.0%.     

新辟红壤性稻田不同施肥模式的效应

在江永县圣人山农业综合开发区，以由耕型砂岩红壤开辟的新稻田为供试土壤，以杂交水稻华联２号（早稻）和威优．６４（晚稻）为供试作物，探讨了新辟红壤性稻田的地力贡献及不同施肥模式对早、晚稻产量及其生育和营养特性以及土壤肥力的影响，并由此提出了新辟红壤性稻田上早、晚稻的适宜施肥模式．     

黄河宁夏灌区栽培蓖麻优化施肥技术试验研究

肥料效应田间试验是测土配方施肥工作中一项十分重要的内容,是获得各种作物最佳施肥量、施肥时期和施肥方法的根本途径,也是筛选和验证土壤养分测试方法、建立推荐施肥指标体系的基本环节。试验旨在通过田间试验,构建蓖麻优化施肥模型,总结完善宁夏蓖麻高产栽培综合技术体系。试验结果表明,施氮对蓖麻产量具有明显的响应,其相关性为:y=-0.2278x2+5.1452x+220.59,R2=0.6675,在黄河宁夏灌区中等肥力土壤上种植蓖麻,适宜的施氮量为纯N12kg/667m2;施磷对蓖麻产量同样具有明显的响应,其相关性为:y=-1.3618x2+19.403x+180.89,R2=0.8908,在宁夏灌区中等肥力土壤上种植蓖麻,适宜的施磷量为纯P2O58kg/667m2。     

不同耕作制对水田土壤有效硅的影响

人工模拟试验结果表明,耕型旱地红壤改为不同稻作制后有效硅下降,其顺序为冬油>冬绿>冬泡,淹水植稻期间是前期明显增加,到分蘖末期达峰值,孕穗至始穗期显著下降,以后缓慢继续降低,到黄熟期降到最低值;早、晚稻期间比较,晚稻期明显减少,而不同耕作制相比,则冬泡制高于冬种制,另外,施用有机肥能使有效硅提高,且随用量增加而加大。     

控释肥在大葱育苗上的应用研究

采用金正大公司生产的控释掺混肥（21—6—15）进行大葱盆栽育苗试验,并与普通复合肥进行肥效对比,分析不同施肥处理对大葱株高、茎粗、叶绿素、可溶性糖、体内全氮、全磷、全钾的影响,探讨控释肥在大葱育苗上应用的可行性及最佳施肥量。研究结果表明：控释肥养分的释放能满足大葱整个苗期对养分的吸收需求。与同量有效养分的普通复合肥相比,控释肥能明显提高土壤中的有效养分含量,可以改善葱苗的品质,提高其产量及肥料的利用率,氮素利用率达40％-50％。营养钵直径为25cm,高30cm,施入控释肥量为10g／钵时,育苗效果最佳。