反刍家畜粗饲料品质评定的指标及其应用比较

本文结合笔者的研究结果就评定粗饲料品质的单项指标粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、消化率与动物的粗饲料干物质随意采食量以及综合指标粗饲料相对值(RFV)、粗饲料分级指数(GI)在粗饲料品质评定上的应用进行了比较,指出:上述各单项指标并不能客观地反映粗饲料的品质,应使用综合指标。由于GI考虑了粗饲料中的能氮互作,对粗饲料的分级比RFV更精确。     

杂交野猪适宜日粮磷水平与钙磷比例的研究

选用纯种野公猪与杜洛克母猪的杂交后代含50%野猪血缘的42日龄杂交野猪36头,随机分成9组,试验为双因子3水平(3×3)析因安排分组,完全随机区组设计,每个因子3个水平,共9个处理。结果显示,不同磷水平与钙磷比例对各处理组的平均日耗料量、平均日增重、料重比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。不同钙磷比例水平下对血清钙的影响差异极显著(P<0.01),日粮磷和钙磷比例互作效应对血清钙影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同日粮钙磷比例对血清磷水平差异显著(P<0.05),日粮磷和钙磷比例互作效应对血清磷影响显著(P<0.05);0.4%的日粮磷水平与0.6%的磷水平对血清AKP活性影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

Maize silage particle length modulates feeding patterns and milk composition in loose-housed lactating Holstein cows

This study analysed feeding patterns and feed selective consumption by loose-housed lactating dairy cows fed diets based on maize silage (MS) with different particle length (PL) to establish its effects on overall dry matter intake (DMI) and productive performance. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) with three different PL of MS at harvesting (i.e., long, medium, and short). Results demonstrated greater numbers of day-time meals (i.e., 07:30–19:00 h) when PL was decreased from long to medium (P < 0.05). Night-time (i.e., 19:00–06:30 h) changes in the feeding pattern included an increased amount of feed per meal (P < 0.05) and a tendency to increase eating time per meal (P < 0.10) in cows fed the short-PL diet. Lowering the PL of MS also lowered the selective consumption against physically effective fibre larger than 1.18 mm (peNDF_> 1.18; P < 0.05) and in favour of fine particles (i.e., particles passing through 1.18 mm screen; P < 0.01). Decreasing PL of MS from long to medium and short increased daily DMI as well as the intake of energy and other nutrients contained in the diet including the amount of peNDF_> 1.18 (P < 0.01). The decrease in the PL of the diet also was associated with increased milk protein and lactose yield and milk urea nitrogen (P < 0.05). The actual milk yield and fat-corrected milk were not affected by the diet (P > 0.10). Although lowering of the PL tended to increase daily milk energy output (P < 0.10), the ratio between energy milk output and the energy intake was linearly decreased (P < 0.01), indicating a lower milk efficiency for the lower-PL diets. In conclusion, particle length of MS in a TMR has the potential to modulate circadian feeding patterns, selective consumption of the feed, daily DMI, and milk composition in high-producing dairy cows.     

意大利皮埃蒙特肉用牛线性体型评分方法

本文将线性描述的方法用于肉牛性状的评定,从外貌（含６项）、肌肉度（６项）、细致度（２项）及乳房（２项）四个方面为意大利皮埃蒙特肉用牛提供了线性外貌评定的方法。     

Effects of intravenous butorphanol on cardiopulmonary function in isoflurane-anesthetized alpacas

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of intravenous (IV) butorphanol on the cardiopulmonary system and on the bispectral index (BIS) in isoflurane-anesthetized alpacas. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, blinded cross-over experimental trial. ANIMALS: Eight healthy, young (3 +/- 1 SD years) adult female alpacas weighing 64 +/- 9 SD kg. METHODS: Alpacas were anesthetized with isoflurane by mask followed by tracheal intubation and maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane in oxygen and intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Animals were assigned to two treatments, butorphanol (0.1 mg kg(-1), IV) and saline (0.01 mL kg(-1), IV) in a randomized manner allowing a 2-week interval between treatments. Cardiovascular variables included systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP), central venous pressure, cardiac output, and pulmonary temperature (TEMP). Cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated. Bispectral index was also measured. Arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis. All variables were recorded at baseline (time 0) and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes following injection and were analyzed by using repeated-measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). PAOP, PVR, and BIS were analyzed by paired t-tests. RESULTS: Butorphanol decreased SVR at all times when compared with the baseline, but no difference was detected between treatments. TEMP decreased with time in both treatments, but they were not different from each other. Other cardiovascular, BIS, and blood gas variables were not different between groups. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We conclude that butorphanol had minimal effects on the cardiovascular system of the alpacas, causing a mild decrease in SVR.     

土壤水分对草坪草蒸散及生长特性的影响

研究了土壤水分对草坪蒸散和生长的影响。结果表明:水分条件能显著影响(P<0.1)草坪草的蒸散,供水多,蒸散量大,供水少,蒸散量小;土壤含水量为田间持水量70%-85%时,草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)蒸散量最大,55%-70%,次之,40%-55%最低。草坪草叶面积指数、地上和地下生物量均与土壤含水量呈显著的正相关。     

5种冷季型草坪草的耐热性研究

通过生化培养箱模拟北京地区的高温高湿环境,对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、匍匐剪股颖（Agrostis stolonifera）、草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）和粗茎早熟禾(P.trivialis)这5种冷季型草坪草在热胁迫过程中的外观质量指标每株绿叶数、生长高度和生理生化指标叶片相对含水量、叶片相对电导率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性进行分析。结果表明,在昼夜35 ℃/30 ℃的高温下,随着胁迫时间的延长,5种草坪草叶片相对含水量下降,叶片相对电导率上升。叶片叶绿素含量在高温环境中变化趋势不一致,高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾的叶绿素含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,而匍匐剪股颖和粗茎早熟禾则呈现出持续下降的趋势。随着高温胁迫时间的延长,5种草坪草的SOD、POD活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势。CAT活性下降,且随着时间的延长,POD和CAT活性下降的幅度增大。在高温胁迫过程中,5种草坪草每株绿叶数和植株生长高度降低。 通过聚类分析可将5种草坪草大致聚为3个耐热级别：1级（相对耐热）高羊茅;2级（中等耐热）草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、匍匐剪股颖;3级（相对敏感）粗茎早熟禾。     

饲料资源量概念及其判断

首先提出并讨论了饲料资源量的主体部分就是饲料能量总量及饲料蛋白质总量的问题。然后,用相关及回归方法筛选出了牛代谢能及粗蛋白质指标。在此基础上,建立了对饲料资源的品质和数量进行判断的蛋能结构指数及蛋能丰度指数体系。     

伊犁马1000m速步训练赛各阶段静脉血中血气指标变化研究

利用i-STAT血气分析仪检测12匹伊犁马1000 m速步训练赛静息、热身后及赛后即刻、15 min、30 min、60 min时静脉血中的血气指标,并对各血气指标的差异性和相关性进行统计分析。结果表明,运动前后静脉血中PvCO₂、PvO₂、HCO₃、TCO₂、SvO₂和Glu变化差异不显著(P>0.05)。血液pH、BE和Ca²⁺在赛后即刻均明显降低,但经15 min休息后都基本回升到静息水平;K⁺、Hct和Hb在赛后即刻均显著增加(P<0.05),但经15 min休息后都基本回降到静息水平。血液pH与BE、HCO₃呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与TCO₂浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),Hct、Hb与pH和HCO₃呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与K⁺呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。因此,BE、HCO₃、TCO₂、Hct和Hb对酸碱平衡均有一定的调节作用;Na⁺、K⁺和Ca²⁺对机体运动具有一定的调节作用。     

日粮大豆活性肽对仔猪生长和相关理化指标及抗氧化性能的影响

为了探讨大豆活性肽对仔猪生长性能、血液指标及氧化应激参数的影响,试验选取仔猪48头,随机分为2组,每组设3个重复,每重复8头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂用大豆活性肽替代2%豆粕的日粮。结果:添加2%大豆活性肽,20 d时,显著提高了仔猪粗脂肪、粗蛋白的消化率(P<0.05);血清总蛋白(TP)、血清白蛋白(ALB)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平略高于对照组;50 d时,大豆活性肽显著提高了仔猪干物质、粗灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗纤维的消化率(P<0.05),而且总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及TP水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05);全程试验组日增重均显著的高于对照组,料重比、腹泻率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),然而对尿素氮(BUN)和甘油三脂(TG)影响不明显。