江苏沿海生态农业发展优势分析与发展对策

探讨了江苏沿海发展生态农业的优势和存在的问题,提出了发展生态农业的对策,以期促进江苏沿海农业增产、农民增收。     

海南龙血树组织培养与快速繁殖技术研究

以海南龙血树顶芽或带腋芽茎段为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,分别附加不同植物生长调节剂组合（6-BA3.0～5.0 mg/L和NAA 0.2、0.5 mg/L）进行不定芽诱导;以MS、改良MS（增加N、P、K 3种元素）为基本培养基,分别附加6-BA3.0 mg/L、NAA 0.2 mg/L进行丛生芽增殖培养;采用1/2MS培养基为基本培养基,分别附加NAA 0.5 mg/LI、BA 0～1.0mg/L进行生根培养。结果表明,海南龙血树不定芽诱导最适培养基是MS＋6-BA 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.2 mg/L;丛生芽适宜增殖培养基为改良MS＋6-BA 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.2 mg/L,增殖系数为3.8;最适生根培养基为1/2MS＋NAA 0.5 mg/L＋IBA0.4～0.6 mg/L,生根率100.0%。将生根苗移栽至混合基质（60%塘泥＋40%河沙）中,约1周后可萌生新根,移栽成活率达90.0%以上。     

基于地块综合资源优势度的土地供应时序及规模研究——以重庆两江新区工业开发区为例

为提供科学构建已征土地综合资源优势度评价指标体系的理论依据和方法借鉴,及为地方政府及开发区制定土地供应时序与规模相关计划和规划等提供实践支撑,以Arcgis空间分析技术为手段,采用了文献研究、实地调查和实证研究等多种方法,构建设计了包括4个评价目标共计19个指标的已征土地综合资源优势度评价指标体系,按不同供地用途类型设置评价指标基础权重并引入变权理论对权重予以修正,采用加权平均模型对资源优势度进行测算。结果表明,在现有综合资源条件下,两江新区供地面积最大的是产业发展用地,呈先增后减趋势;其次为城市建设用地,供地面积逐年增加;最少为公共服务用地,供地逐年减少。     

不同放牧方式对草地群落植物功能群组成和结构的影响

[目的]植物功能群及其多样性是维持群落结构复杂性和稳定性的基础,通过对不同放牧方式下植物功能群组成与结构的研究,深入了解呼伦贝尔草地生态系统植物功能群的构建、分布和环境适应机制,为草地生态系统群落演替方向的预测和永续经营提供科学依据.[方法]本文以内蒙古呼伦贝尔市陈巴尔虎旗的家庭牧场为研究对象,分别对禁牧、休牧和常牧样...     

Effect of pre-planting temperature and light treatments of seed tubers on potato yield and tuber size distribution

Summary From 1985 to 1987 field experiments were caried out to test the influence of different pre-planting storage treatments on yield and size distribution of potato crops. The storage treatments included 4, 8 and 12°C in the light and in the dark, for different periods before planting. Subjecting the seed tubers to light at low temperatures induced crops to produce a larger proportion of smaller sized tubers while storing seed tubers at higher temperatures in the dark led to an increase of tubers >55 mm. These observations were confirmed in five field experiments with two cultivars at two sites and in three growing seasons.     

摘花序、打顶对辽藁本生长发育及产量的影响

以孕蕾期辽藁本为材料,研究了摘花序、打顶等处理对辽藁本生育性状特征及根部产量的影响。结 果表明,孕蕾期摘花序后,辽藁本植株生长健壮,茎粗和、茎充实度、叶面积指数等性状表现较好,根部产量高;打顶 后植株生殖生长旺盛,花序数增多,但结实率低,根部增产效果不明显。     

The under-recognized dominance of Verrucomicrobia in soil bacterial communities

Verrucomicrobia are ubiquitous in soil, but members of this bacterial phylum are thought to be present at low frequency in soil, with few studies focusing specifically on verrucomicrobial abundance, diversity, and distribution. Here we used barcoded pyrosequencing to analyze verrucomicrobial communities in surface soils collected across a range of biomes in Antarctica, Europe, and the Americas (112 samples), as well as soils collected from pits dug in a montane coniferous forest (69 samples). Data collected from surface horizons indicate that Verrucomicrobia average 23% of bacterial sequences, making them far more abundant than had been estimated. We show that this underestimation is likely due to primer bias, as many of the commonly used PCR primers appear to exclude verrucomicrobial 16S rRNA genes during amplification. Verrucomicrobia were detected in 180 out of 181 soils examined, with members of the class Spartobacteria dominating verrucomicrobial communities in nearly all biomes and soil depths. The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia was highest in grasslands and in subsurface soil horizons, where they were often the dominant bacterial phylum. Although their ecology remains poorly understood, Verrucomicrobia appear to be dominant in many soil bacterial communities across the globe, making additional research on their ecology clearly necessary.     

Estimation of additive and non-additive genetic effects for fertility and reproduction traits in North American Holstein cattle using genomic information

Non-additive genetic effects are usually ignored in animal breeding programs due to data structure (e.g., incomplete pedigree), computational limitations and over-parameterization of the models. However, non-additive genetic effects may play an important role in the expression of complex traits in livestock species, such as fertility and reproduction traits. In this study, components of genetic variance for additive and non-additive genetic effects were estimated for a variety of fertility and reproduction traits in Holstein cattle using pedigree and genomic relationship matrices. Four linear models were used: (a) an additive genetic model; (b) a model including both additive and epistatic (additive by additive) genetic effects; (c) a model including both additive and dominance effects; and (d) a full model including additive, epistatic and dominance genetic effects. Nine fertility and reproduction traits were analysed, and models were run separately for heifers (N = 5,825) and cows (N = 6,090). For some traits, a larger proportion of phenotypic variance was explained by non-additive genetic effects compared with additive effects, indicating that epistasis, dominance or a combination thereof is of great importance. Epistatic genetic effects contributed more to the total phenotypic variance than dominance genetic effects. Although these models varied considerably in the partitioning of the components of genetic variance, the models including a non-additive genetic effect did not show a clear advantage over the additive model based on the Akaike information criterion. The partitioning of variance components resulted in a re-ranking of cows based solely on the cows’ additive genetic effects between models, indicating that adjusting for non-additive genetic effects could affect selection decisions made in dairy cattle breeding programs. These results suggest that non-additive genetic effects play an important role in some fertility and reproduction traits in Holstein cattle.     

主伐对森林景观结构和空间分布格局影响的研究

本文用不同尺度分析了采伐对森林景观的影响。通过对景观组成单元的类型、总体景观比例随海拔梯度的分布格局、景观内各组份水平分布的隔离度等比较表明，采伐后自然重建的景观与原生景观无显著差异，森林景观对采伐干扰具有渐进稳定性。各景观单元均属聚集性分布。景观内部结构的多样性、均匀度有一定提高，景观优势度有所降低。采伐使景观单元破碎化，出现重组现象。采伐引发的景观单元转移概率因类型不同而异；松栎混交林景观单元在其生态区位内稳定性强，对采伐有负反馈效应；华山松为优势的景观单元采伐后明显扩大，以铁杉为主的景观单元也有类似情况；弱度干扰的红桦、云、冷杉景观单元结构稳定并有所扩展。     

大通县退耕还林不同配置模式物种多样性的研究

研究结果表明,大通县退耕还林不同配置模式下群落物种多样性指数与丰富度、均匀度呈显著正相关,与优势度呈显著负相关。群落物种多样性指数排序,在浅山区为模式C(青杨 枸杞)>模式D(中国沙棘)>模式B(紫花苜蓿)>模式A(川赤芍)>模式E(柠条),多样性指数分别为5.309 1、5.089 4、4.657 3、4.081 6、3.410 5;在高山区为模式H(白桦 青海云杉)>模式J(青杨 中国沙棘)>模式G(华北落叶松)>模式F(青海云杉)>模式K(青海云杉 中国沙棘),多样性指数分别为5.228 9、5.071 7、4.699 2、2.780 9、2.646 2,群落乔、灌、草3层结构物种多样性指数呈现出草本层>灌木层>乔木层的规律,在优势度方面,草本层在森林中的作用远不及乔木层。