烟草白肋型与正常绿叶型之间叶绿体性状差异的遗传研究

利用普通烟草(Nicotiana, tabacum L.)的正常绿叶型烟草和白肋型烟草品种,按安量性状遗传研究的完全双列杂交组合的設计所进行的研究表明:1.烟草叶绿素含量的遗传为部分显性的核基因所控制,白肋型的基因型并非前人报道的那样只是两对隐性重叠基因,还可能存在一些隐性的微效修饰基因;2.白肋型的叶绿体基粒数及其片层结构均较绿叶型减少,同是隐性核基因突变的结果;3.烟草叶绿体希尔反应活性受核基因的控制。F_1光活性表现明显的杂种优势,是核基因杂合性的反映;4.同前人的研究结果一样,普通烟草RuBp羧化酶的合成受核基因和叶绿体基因的双重控制,但本研究结果指出,白肋型和绿时型之间RuBp羧化酶的大亚基等电点聚焦电泳带存在差異,說明两者控制大亚基合成的叶绿体基因有了一定程度的分化。     

热处理结合茎尖培养去除甘薯丛枝病植原体

以甘薯丛枝病试管苗病株为材料，用热处理结合茎尖培养法对甘薯丛枝病病株进行了去除植原体 的研究。结果表明，０． ５ ｍｍ以下茎尖培养可以去除植原体，茎尖越小，去除植原体的效果越好，但成苗率降低； ０．８ ｍｍ以上茎尖培养不能去除植原体，但是成苗率较高。（３９±１）℃高温连续处理２～３周后，剥取茎尖培养可以 提高去除植原体的效率，对成苗率影响不大，热处理时间越长，去除植原体效果越好，但被处理的试管苗易死亡。甘 薯丛枝病试管苗在（３９±１）℃高温下，以处理３周为宜。     

马铃薯脱毒快繁抗菌污染的研究

分别加入10、20和50 mg/L的氨苄青霉素、硫酸链霉素、克林霉素及利用3种抗生素(20 mg/L)分别和病毒唑(10 mg/L)的配合使用,研究抗生素及抗生素浓度在马铃薯茎尖剥离及快繁过程中的综合影响。实验结果表明在茎尖剥离阶段,50 mg/L的链霉素对细菌的抗性最好;抗生素的不同浓度对霉菌抗性的效果不同,抗生素种类和浓度的互作对霉菌具有抗性效应,以使用10mg/L的链霉素对霉菌的抗性最好,链霉素 病毒唑组合在茎尖剥离时期对霉菌和细菌的抗性最好;在快繁阶段,以使用20 mg/L克林霉素对霉菌和细菌的抗性最好,但抗生素及抗生素 病毒唑的配比措施对组培苗的生根数、黄化率、生根率均有负效应,所以在马铃薯组培快繁阶段的污染控制主要靠控制环境和操作规程来达到。     

甘肃文县珙桐群落的组成结构数量特征

甘肃文县为珙桐分布的北部边缘地带。对其群落的组成结构、数量特征研究分析认为，在沿摩天岭北坡自东向西的不同地段，水热条件优越程度下降，群落组成及优势种有所差异，群落多样性指数依次减小，分别为３．８８３０，３．３５８８，３．３５４５，生态优势度有升高的趋势，分别为０．０８８９，０．１１３９，０．１４８６，群落稳定性依次下降。中部地段的珙桐群落均匀度偏高，可能是人为活动干扰所致。     

基于航空遥感的大比例尺景观格局分析--以大麻镇为例

在利用现时高分辨率航片获取大比例尺、翔实的土地利用现状图的基础上,结合研究区的特点进行了景观分类,选择和计算了景观多样性指数和景观优势度、分离度、破碎度指数及斑块分形维数等景观格局指数,对浙江省桐乡市大麻镇进行了小尺度、大比例尺(1∶2000)景观格局分析。结果表明,景观多样性指数与最大多样性指数有很大的差异;研究区内的各景观类型所占比例差异较大,优势度数值高,耕地成为起支配作用的优势景观,如果将耕地、园地、林地和其他农用地当成一种景观类型,则研究区内整体景观生态特征明显由农业景观所支配;其他农用地景观类型的景观破碎度最高,受人为干扰和破坏最为严重,因近年来土地整理的实施,耕地景观以面积大而且形状较规则的斑块广泛分布于研究区中;居民点及独立工矿景观的斑块几何形状趋近于简单且规则,但受人为干扰程度大。     

小麦抽穗期与开花期的关系及其遗传研究

研究结果表明,小麦抽穗期和开花期均可作为小麦熟期早晚的指标,对纯合亲本的研究表明,抽穗期与开花期的相关系数,第一年r＝0.9514,第二年,r=0.9337,年度间的差异很小.据R.M.Jones分析法,F_1抽穗期的a和b_1极显著,b_2显著,而F_1开花期的a和b_1极显著,b_2不显著.据Hayman方法分析,两者的D均极显著,H_1H_2h~2和F均达显著或极显著水平,两者的平均显性度(H_1/D~(1/(H_1/D))分别为0.347和0.322,均为部分显性;两者的显性都指向减效,抽穗期的狭义遗传力为89.77%,开花期则为93.75%.本文对F_2代的遗传也进行了论述.     

Development of arable weed seedbanks during the 6 years after the change from conventional to organic farming

All of the arable land of a farm in southern Germany was investigated during an 8-year period, starting 2 years before and ending 6 years after the change to organic farming. The first 3 years after the conversion, the total seed number in the soil increased from 4050 to 17 320 m⁻². From the fourth to the sixth year, it dropped back to 10 220 m⁻². The number of seeds increased particularly at sites with a low crop cover and a high density of weed plants at the soil surface. The increase predominantly occurring on the more fertile soils may have been caused by the rotation commencing with less competitive crops. Crops which increased the seedbank by 30–40% were winter cereals, sunflowers and lupins. Potatoes and sown fallow caused no significant change and grass–clover mixtures even reduced the number of seeds by 39%. Among 44 species occurring frequently enough for statistical analysis, 31 increased and only 3 decreased. The change of management particularly increased summer annual, perennial and dicotyledonous weeds. This can be attributed to both operations which are characteristic of organic farming (e.g. replacing herbicide applications by mechanical weed control) and to general modifications of the management practice which may also occur in non-organic farming systems (increasing the percentage of broad leaved and spring sown crops in crop rotation). The present study confirms investigations into the aboveground vegetation that indicate that arable organic farming favours plant species diversity and provides evidence that the conversion need not encourage the dominance of a few noxious weeds.     

Influence of reward level on vertical distribution and growthof rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed on demand with self-feeders

ABSTRACT:   The influence of reward level on vertical distribution and growthwas examined in rainbow trout fed on demand with self-feeders. Groupsof 15 trout with initial body weight of 140 g were maintainedat 14°C and feed access was restricted to a 12-h photophase.The trout received three reward levels with triplicates: 0.051 (low),0.089 (medium) and 0.267 g/kg fish/triggeractuation (high). Vertical distribution in the higher reward groupswas generally more even than that in the lower-reward groups, butthe behavioral characteristics of some individuals in a group couldplay an important role in determining vertical distribution. Moreover,no fish including the individuals responsible for trigger actuation,occupied the vicinity of a trigger. The small groups of 15 troutreceiving the medium-reward level obtained as much feed and grewas fast as the high-reward groups, but this was not the case forthe low-reward groups.     

沙拐枣群落特征与生态学特性的研究

本文通过定量定性分析，对沙拐枣群落的组成成分及种的多样性、群落的外貌特征、垂直结构、分布格局和种间联结以及群落的演替等方面进行了研究，结果表明：沙拐枣群落Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数为２．５１９７、均匀度为０．８００４，个体密度为８．８９株／１００ｍ￣２，群落盖度约１％；沙拐枣种群王泊松分布，天然更新能力强，呈入侵状态；群落演替表现为初期种的多样性较高而向顶极方向趋于减少；并根据群落密度提出了治沙栽植密度为７４－１１１株／亩和封沙育草中对沙拐枣群落的利用途径。