怀化地区强降水过程中的GPS可降水量特征分析

利用改进的天顶静力延迟（ZHD）模型和本地化水汽权重平均温度（Ts）模型反演怀化地区GPS可降水量（GPS-PWV）,并结合自动气象站逐小时资料分析了2017年怀化地区大气水汽变化及汛期14次暴雨以上降水过程的GPS-PWV演变特征。结果表明：GPS-PWV可较好反映怀化地区大气水汽的变化特征。怀化地区可降水量-气压（PWV-P）分布月变化特征明显,冬季PWV较低且变化范围较小,降水发生时气压较夏季平均高14.75 hPa;春季PWV逐步增大,降水发生时气压较冬季有所降低;夏季PWV为全年最高,降水发生时气压则降至全年最低值;秋季PWV-P数据逐渐分散并向可降水量低值区移动,分布情况逐步趋近冬季。2017年汛期怀化地区14次强降水过程中PWV均高于各月均值,最大小时降水量与最大PWV存在较好对应关系;降水开始前,PWV出现较明显上升,且多伴随气压较明显下降,可为局地强降水短临预警提供较好参考。     

提高天然气流量计量的准确度

叙述了天然气计算技术的现状及发展趋势,分析了孔板流量计在天然气工业应用中存在的问题,指出了提高天然气流量计量准确度的措施,提出了解决孔板开孔直角入口边缘尖锐度钝化和测量范围窄等问题的新思路。     

Comparison of genetic improvement for litter size at birth by direct and indirect selection in swine herd

Responses to selection for number of piglets born alive (NBA) by the total number of piglets born (TNB), the NBA, and the NBA plus number of piglets born dead (NBD) were compared using the accuracy of selection and expected genetic gain calculated from the selection index with family information and the real response to selection, using data generated by Monte Carlo computer simulation. The accuracy of selection for NBA selected by TNB was higher than that by NBA only if the genetic correlation between TNB and NBA was close to 1.0, or the value of heritability for the TNB was much larger than that for the NBA. The accuracy of selection for the NBA selected by the combination of the TNB and the NBA was generally highest in the three selection methods in each family structure. Selection by the TNB resulted in the greatest expected genetic gain for the TNB among the selection methods. In the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) selection, the genetic gain for the NBA accumulated by the NBA tended to be similar to that accumulated by the combination of the NBA and the NBD, and both genetic gains at generation 10 were significantly larger than that by the TNB (P < 0.001). The accumulated responses selected by the two‐trait animal model BLUP estimated from genetic parameters with errors were similar to those estimated from the true parameters, and there was no significant difference between them. These results indicate that selection by the NBA or by the NBA and the NBD gives more genetic improvement in the NBA than that by the TNB.     

Ein allgemeiner Ansatz zur Quantifizierung des Einflusses der Güte der Sätechnik auf den Flächenertrag

A general approach to determine the effect of accuracy of sowing technique on yield per area
Caused by nonperfect seed placement accuracy of sowing machines as well as by many other abiotic and biotic factors the resulting plant stands exhibit nonregular plant distributions. Based on several simplifying assumptions a stochastic approach provides a quantitative determination of the effects of accuracy of sowing technique on yield per area. In this approach, two random variables are assigned to each individual plant: single plant yield E and single plant area A, which is calculated in this paper by the construction and quadrature of the so-called Thiessen-polygons. The yield per area F is calculated as the expectation of the ratio E/A. By assuming a deterministic mathematical relationship between E and A, the calculation of F reduces to the calculation of the expectation of a function of only one random variable A. A simple approximation with sufficient accuracy for many applications only depends on the mean and on the variance of the areas of the individual plants. For demonstration purposes, the theoretical approaches and results have been finally applied to three data sets for drilled seeds of winter oilseed rape (plant density: 60 plants/m² and distance between rows: 10 cm). These data sets exhibit different accuracies of the longitudinal distributions within rows which have been quantitatively measured by the coefficient of variation for the distances between plants within rows: Yield depression increases with an increasing variability of plant distances within rows.     

高精度六分量应变天平研究

风洞天平测量精度是改善模型风洞试验测量精度的主要因素 ,我国进行了大量研究。本文做了三个方面的工作 :( 1 )设计低干扰的天平阻力元 ;( 2 )选择带温度补偿的高质量的应变计 ;( 3 )选择优质应变片并仔细粘贴。将这些科研成果应用于一台 1 8六分量应变天平上 ,并利用该天平在超音速风洞中对 GB-0 4标模进行气动力测量 ,其测量精度达到国际标准     

高分辨率遥感图像均值调整法分割技术研究

遥感图像分割是将以像元为基础的图像转化为以对象为基础的过程,因此,遥感图像分割是遥感图像高级分析的基础.对于中、低分辨率遥感图像来说,单个像元的面积较大,且混合像元现象严重,图像分割会产生较大的误差.高分辨率遥感图像单个像元的面积较小,分割后图像上单个对象内含若干像元,便于分析和提取信息.以高分辨率遥感图像Q u ickB ird和IKONO S为研究对象,采用均值调整法对图像进行分割和精度检验.结果表明:采用均值调整法进行高分辨率遥感图像分割具有较好的效果,图像分割的速度和精度均较高.     

基于多源遥感数据的高寒草地生物量反演模型精度——以夏河县桑科草原试验区为例

基于MODIS、Landsat-8 OLI和HJ-1A/1B CCD卫星遥感资料,结合2013-2014年甘南州夏河县桑科草原试验区野外实测数据,建立了高寒草地地上生物量遥感反演模型,筛选出基于不同遥感资料植被指数的生物量最优反演模型,比较分析了生物量最优模型的空间效应。同时,分析了2000-2013年基于MODIS植被指数估算的试验区产草量的年际变化特征。结果表明,草地生物量最优反演模型为基于Landsat-8 OLI NDVI数据的对数模型(y=727.54lnx1+495.23,R2=0.772,RMSE=31.333 kg DM·hm-2);在30和250 m空间分辨率下,基于MODIS NDVI及EVI、Landsat-8 OLI NDVI和HJ-1A/1B CCD NDVI最优模型估算的生物量均高于实测生物量,其中Landsat-8 OLI NDVI数据估算的草地生物量与实测生物量值最接近;2000-2013年试验区草地总生物量整体上具有显著增加的趋势(R2=0.590 7,P0.001),平均增加速率达50.57 kg DM·hm-2·a-1。     

基于TM数据的遥感分类方法对比研究

以香格里拉县2009年Landsat5～TM遥感影像为实验数据,利用最大似然法（MLC）以及最小距离法两种方法进行了遥感分类方法研究,主要从分类精度方面对两种方法进行了对比分析,结果表明：最大似然法分类结果明显优于最小距离法,但作为传统的分类方法,二种方法分类精度都不够高。     

兼顾面积属性与不确定性信息的样本点权重调整方法

样本点权重调整是遥感分类精度评价中样本点空间分配的关键环节。以北京市顺义区精度评价样本点为例,提出了一种兼顾面积属性与不确定性信息的样本点权重调整方法——模糊调整权重法,用于布设精度评价样本点。首先,构建用于表达不确定性信息的模糊中和指数及其权重,融合模糊中和指数权重和面积权重构建模糊调整权重,并计算各个分层的模糊调整权重结果,完成样本点特征空间分配;其次,设置不同梯度样本点集,结合平均最短距离最小化准则和空间模拟退火算法实现样本点地理空间优化布设;最后,构建权重调整效果评价指标,进行模糊调整权重效果评价,并与其他权重调整方法和未进行权重调整的布点方法进行对比分析。结果表明：顺义区不确定性大、中、小的层模糊调整权重分别为0.45、0.37、0.18,与面积权重相比,不确定性大的层权重显著增加、中层权重稍微增加、小层权重明显降低;5个不同数据集样本点权重调整的精度评价总体精度、相对精度、均方根误差和标准偏差结果分别为69.90%～73.48%、96.28%～99.82%、0.01和0.01;模糊调整权重布点方法评价效果优于面积权重、模糊中和指数权重、不确定性空间分层权重布点方法,以及空间...     

玉米穗位叶衰老进程及其适宜指示性指标研究

【目的】 探寻可精确指示玉米穗位叶衰老进程的优良方法及适宜性指标,明确玉米穗位叶衰老进程,为玉米精确高效栽培技术发展提供理论参考。【方法】 于2020年春、夏两季在江苏大丰（33°12′ N,120°28′ E）稻麦原种场开展田间试验,以苏玉29（SY29）为材料,基于不同施氮量（0、67.5、136.5、205.5、274.5、343.5 kg N·hm^-2）构建6个叶氮浓度差异群体（N1—N6）。采用Logistic模型对吐丝后12种与玉米穗位叶衰老相关的形态及生理指标的变化动态进行拟合,对比分析不同衰老相关指标指示衰老进程的精准性。【结果】 Logistic公式y=(a-d)/(1+(x/c)^b)+d对12种叶衰老相关指标变化动态的拟合趋势、拟合度R²整体优于前人所用Logistic公式y=a/(1+e^-b(x-c))。基于多指标分析,春、夏玉米穗位叶衰老启动分别发生在吐丝后18.8—29.1（$\bar{x}$=25.8）d、17.5—28.2（$\bar{x}$=23.9）d,快速衰老发生在吐丝后30.5—37.9（$\bar{x}$=34.4）d、28.0—35.7（$\bar{x}$=31.8）d,衰老终止发生在吐丝后40.6—54.1（$\bar{x}$=45.9）d、38.3—47.0（$\bar{x}$=42.1）d。春、夏玉米由吐丝至衰老启动的25.8 d、23.9 d内有效积温分别为392.9℃和477.6℃;春、夏玉米由衰老启动至衰老终止的20.1 d、18.2 d内有效积温分别为360.0℃和284.0℃。基于指标分类分析,相同衰老阶段内,生理指标所指示的衰老特征时间的正态分布σ值大于形态指标,春、夏玉米结果一致。丙二醛（MDA）、总叶绿素、叶绿素a、果糖、葡萄糖含量及蒸腾速率（T_r）所指示衰老特征时间的变异系数（CV）均小于5%;MDA、总叶绿素、果糖、葡萄糖含量及净光合速率（P_n）所指示衰老特征时间与各阶段时间均数的均方根误差（RMSE）均小于2。【结论】 Logistic公式y=(a-d)/(1+(x/c)^b)+d可作为准确拟合叶衰老指标动态变化的数学工具。春、夏玉米穗位叶分别在吐丝后26 d、24 d左右开始衰老,于34 d、32 d左右衰老速度达到峰值,于46 d、42 d左右进入功能性死亡的末端衰老阶段,有效积温是影响玉米穗位叶衰老进程重要因素。MDA、总叶绿素、果糖、葡萄糖含量是表征玉米穗位叶衰老进程的优良指标。