梨斑点病田间病情发生规律及其影响因子分析

采取“四定”跟踪观察方法对梨树新病害梨斑点病田间叶部症状表现、发生规律及相关影响因子进行调查分析,结果表明：梨斑点病田间叶部症状表现斑点小,群体数量大,叶面、叶脉、叶柄均可发生,发病中后期全叶呈黄绿相间黄化脱落;雨量大、雨日多的年份发生重,反之则轻;品种依发病程度不同可明显分为轻、较轻、中等、重等类型,其中‘蜜雪梨’、‘明福’、‘黄花’、‘清香’ 等品种发病轻,发病程度与海拔高度呈显著或极显著负相关,随坡段自下而上呈由重向轻的变化趋势,且位于梨园边行的植株发病较轻;综合管理水平高、树势长势稳健的梨园发病程度相对较轻.     

盘锦苇田钻心虫发生规律及防治措施

芦苇钻心虫是盘锦苇田经常发生的害虫之一,不但破坏苇田植被,还直接影响芦苇质量,降低芦苇产量。介绍芦苇钻心虫的形态特征、生活习性、发生规律,以及危害特点,提出防治措施,为苇田钻心虫的有效防治提供参考。     

大棚番茄白粉虱发生消长规律与防控技术

大棚设施栽培改变了田间温湿度等小气候生态环境,影响白粉虱发生消长规律和越冬现象,加重白粉虱发生为害.该文通过对大棚温湿度进行监测,分析大棚温湿度对白粉虱发生消长规律的影响,并提出防控技术.     

烟台市拉美斑潜蝇发生规律及控制技术研究

通过 1 998～ 2 0 0 0年对拉美斑潜蝇的研究结果表明 :①寄主植物有伞形花科等 1 6科 68种 ,温度是制约其发生的主要因子 ,不能在自然环境条件下越冬 ,但可在冬暖大棚内越冬和继续发生为害 ,成为露地发生主要虫源 ,通过自然传播扩散 ;②控制为害的关键技术是 ,选用以生物农药为主的农药品种 ,对冬暖大棚及伞形花科、豆科及葫芦科等受害重的菜田进行集中治理 ,做到早防治和连续防治的综合措施 ;③ 3年共累计防治面积 50 0 0 0hm2 ,其经济、生态和社会效益显著     

李树叶片细菌性穿孔病的发生规律及防治研究

细菌性穿孔病可导致李树叶片大量脱落,树势衰弱,产量降低,品质下降.研究发现,病害的初侵染源来自枝干病斑,生长季节枝、叶、果互相交叉传染.种植感病品种、树势强旺、雨日多、雨量大为该病的流行因素.选用抗病品种、消除初侵染源、加强栽培管理、生长期用药控制是防治该病的有效措施.     

2007年昭平县稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟发生特点及成灾原因分析

稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟是昭平县水稻生产上的主要害虫 ,由于受到异常气候等因素的影响,2007年均达到大发生程度,害虫具有迁入峰期明显,迁入虫量大,发生面积大、范围广,田间虫口密度高,田间虫态结构复杂,为害严重等特点, 其原因主要与暴雨频繁、气候适宜、虫源地虫量充裕、成虫迁入数量大、田间残虫基数高、天敌控害能力下降等因素有关.在实际生产中,应加强田间虫情监测,准确掌握最佳防治时期,治前控后,减轻主害代防治压力,科学用药,改进施药方法,以提高施药防治效果.     

Effects of postfire seeding and fertilizing on hillslope erosion in north-central Washington,USA

After the 1998 North 25 Fire in the Wenatchee National Forest, eight study sites were established on steep, severely burned hillslopes to examine the effectiveness of postfire seeding and fertilizing treatments in increasing cover to reduce hillslope erosion, and to measure the nutrient content of the eroded sediment. At each site, four 4 by 9 m plots were located with four randomly applied treatments: seed (winter wheat, Triticum estivum) at 34 kg ha^− 1, fertilizer (75% ammonium nitrate and 25% ammonium sulfate) at 31 kg ha^− 1, seed and fertilizer, and untreated control. Sediment fences were installed at the base of each plot to measure erosion rates and sample the eroded sediments. In addition, precipitation amounts and intensities, surface cover, canopy cover, and nutrient concentrations in the eroded sediments were measured for four years after the fire. Total precipitation was below average during the four-year study period, and most erosion occurred during short duration, moderate intensity summer rainfall events. The overall first year mean erosion rate was 16 Mg ha^− 1 yr^− 1, and this decreased significantly in the second year to 0.66 Mg ha^− 1 yr^− 1. There were no significant differences in erosion rates between treatments. In the first year, the seeded winter wheat provided 4.5% canopy cover, about a fourth of the total canopy cover, on the seeded plots; however, the total canopy cover on the seeded plots did not differ from the unseeded plots. The below average precipitation in the spring after seeding may have affected the winter wheat survival rate. In the fourth year of the study, the mean canopy cover in the fertilization treatment plots was 74%, and this was greater than the 55% mean canopy cover in the unfertilized plots (p = 0.04); however, there was no accompanying reduction in erosion rate for either the seeding or fertilization treatments. Revegetation by naturally occurring species was apparently not impacted by seeding during the four years of this study. The pH of the sediment as well as the concentrations of NO₃–N, NH₄–N, and K was not affected by seeding or fertilizing. The nutrient loads in the eroded sediment were minimal, with most of the nutrient loss occurring in the first postfire year. These results confirm that seeding success is highly dependent on rainfall intensity, amounts, and timing, and that soil nutrients lost in eroded sediments are unlikely to impair the site productivity.     

陕西地区马陆的发生规律及防治技术

通过对陕西地区马陆的形态特征及生物学特性进行概述,分析其危害特点和发生规律,从农业防治、人工防治、化学防治三方面给出综合防治的措施和建议.     

Pinus pinaster Ait. tree mortality following wildfire in Spain

Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) is the tree species most affected by wildfire in the Iberian Peninsula. Prediction of the probability of fire-injured tree mortality is critical for management of burned areas, evaluation of the ecological and economic impact of wildfire and prescribed fire planning and application. Pine bark beetles (Scolytidae) frequently attack burned maritime pine stands and cause extensive post-fire mortality throughout the Iberian Peninsula. In the present study, maritime pine trees were monitored for three years following 14 wildfires in four ecotypes in Spain (11 fires in Galicia (Galician ecotype - NW Spain), one fire in Portillo (Meseta-Castellana ecotype - Central Spain), one fire in Rodenal (Rodenal ecotype - Central Spain), and one fire in Genalguacil (Sierra Bermeja ecotype - SW Spain)). Data on tree attributes, crown and bole injury, ground fire severity, Ips sp. presence and tree survival were obtained by examining 3085 trees. Logistic regression models for predicting the probability of delayed maritime pine mortality were developed by use of generalized estimated equations (GEE). An ample range of response to fire damage in mortality was evident among the four ecotypes and different models were fitted for each. The most important variables for predicting tree mortality were total crown volume damaged, presence of Ips sp. attack and cambium kill rating. The results highlight the extensive presence of Ips sp. in burned maritime pine forests and its importance in tree mortality process, the ample range of response of P. pinaster, in terms of post-fire mortality, as well as the need to develop site specific mortality models for the different ecotypes of this species following fire.     

Short- and long-term effects of thinning and prescribed fire on carbon stocks in ponderosa pine stands in northern Arizona

Euro-American logging practices, intensive grazing, and fire suppression have increased the amount of carbon that is stored in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex Laws) forests in the southwestern United States. Current stand conditions leave these forests prone to high-intensity wildfire, which releases a pulse of carbon emissions and shifts carbon storage from live trees to standing dead trees and woody debris. Thinning and prescribed burning are commonly used to reduce the risk of intense wildfire, but also reduce on-site carbon stocks and release carbon to the atmosphere. This study quantified the impact of thinning on the carbon budgets of five ponderosa pine stands in northern Arizona, including the fossil fuels consumed during logging operations. We used the pre- and post-treatment data on carbon stocks and the Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FEE-FVS) to simulate the long-term effects of intense wildfire, thinning, and repeated prescribed burning on stand carbon storage.The mean total pre-treatment carbon stock, including above-ground live and dead trees, below-ground live and dead trees, and surface fuels across five sites was 74.58 Mg C ha⁻¹ and the post-treatment mean was 50.65 Mg C ha⁻¹ in the first post-treatment year. The mean total carbon release from slash burning, fossil fuels, and logs removed was 21.92 Mg C ha⁻¹. FEE-FVS simulations showed that thinning increased the mean canopy base height, decreased the mean crown bulk density, and increased the mean crowning index, and thus reduced the risk of high-intensity wildfire at all sites. Untreated stands that incurred wildfire once within the next 100 years or once within the next 50 years had greater mean net carbon storage after 100 years compared to treated stands that experienced prescribed fire every 10 years or every 20 years. Treated stands released greater amounts of carbon overall due to repeated prescribed fires, slash burning, and 100% of harvested logs being counted as carbon emissions because they were used for short-lived products. However, after 100 years treated stands stored more carbon in live trees and less carbon in dead trees and surface fuels than untreated stands burned by intense wildfire. The long-term net carbon storage of treated stands was similar or greater than untreated wildfire-burned stands only when a distinction was made between carbon stored in live and dead trees, carbon in logs was stored in long-lived products, and energy in logging slash substituted for fossil fuels.