蔬菜中13种有机磷农药基质效应研究

有机磷农药在农业生产中广泛应用,用气相色谱法进行农药残留检测容易产生基质效应,影响分析结果的可靠性,为研究用气相色谱法进行农残检测过程中有机磷农药在不同蔬菜中的基质效应,选取瓜类、茄果类、叶菜类3类常见蔬菜和13种有机磷农药进行研究,对影响基质效应的因素采取不同变量法进行分析,得出结论:有机磷农药在叶菜类蔬菜中基质效应最大;含有P=O键农药基质效应更强;基质含量越多基质效应越强,并对在检测如何减少基质效应给出了建议.     

欧洲水培叶菜机械规模化生产系统

针对水培叶菜规模化生产,介绍了欧洲水培叶菜自动化生产装备系统与技术。首先,说明水培技术高效循环生产、避免土壤环境污染的优势,论述了水培叶菜的主要作业流程。基于水培叶菜作业流程,通过实物图片介绍了欧洲水培叶菜生产中基质处理、精量播种、种苗移植、叶菜收获和生产资材自动输送等环节装备和技术。对比国内水培蔬菜的生产模式与具体国情,提出了研学欧洲先进的生产作业装备技术和物流化生产作业思想理念,结合我国水培蔬菜生产模式,优化完善叶菜丸粒化精量播种技术,开发研制叶菜种苗移植设备,针对不同水培叶菜生产企业及生产方式,量身定制开发设计物流化生产输送系统,达到提高生产效率、降低劳动强度、减少生产劳动力的目的,有效提高我国水培蔬菜生产的竞争力。     

Moisture conservation for rainfed wheat production with alternative mulches and conservation tillage in the hills of north-west India

In the hills of north–west India, maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the dominant cropping system. However, rainfed wheat suffers from lack of optimum moisture at sowing. Field experiments were conducted for 3 years on a silty clay loam (Typic Hapludalf) to evaluate the effectiveness of mulches and conservation tillage for rainfed wheat in mitigating this problem. The treatments were ten factorial combinations of five mulch-tillage practices and two nitrogen levels (N₆₀ and N₁₂₀ kg ha⁻¹). Mulch treatments consisted of application of 10 Mg ha⁻¹ (dry weight basis), to previous standing maize, of either wild sage (Lantana camara L.) or eupatorium (Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel) in combination with either conventional or conservation (minium) tillage prior to wheat sowing. These alternative practices were compared to the conventional farmer practice of soil tillage after harvest of maize with no mulch. The application of these weed mulches to standing maize maintained friable soil structure owing to a five fold higher mean population of earthworms underneath mulch. Mulches resulted in 0.06–0.10 m³ m⁻³ higher moisture in the seed-zone when wheat was sown compared with the conventional farmer practice of soil tillage after maize harvest. Mulch-conservation tillage treatments favourably moderated the hydro-thermal regime for growing a wheat crop. The mean root mass density under these treatments at wheat flowering was higher by 1.27–1.40 times over the conventional farmer practice during the 3 year study. Conservation tillage holds promise because it does not require elaborate tillage and may ultimately reduce animal draught in the hilly regions. Recycling available organic materials having no fodder value coupled with conservation tillage may help enrich the soil environment in the long-term. The practice also offers gainful use of these obnoxious weeds that cause great menace in grass and forest lands in the region.     

Selecting in situ conservation sites for grape genetic resources in the USA

Previously, there has not been any in situ conservation sites for crop germplasm within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Using morphologic and molecular (SSR markers) techniques, we assessed the genetic variation present in populations of rock grape (Vitis rupestris Scheele), a native American grape species, throughout its range. We identified seven in situ conservation sites for rock grape using a strategy based on morphologic and molecular data, taxonomic information, population size and integrity, and landholder commitment. In collaboration with federal and state landholding agencies, we have established the first NPGS in situ conservation sites for American wild relatives of a crop.     

北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜中铜含量及其健康风险

根据蔬菜消费量和兼顾品种多样性的原则,在北京市规模化蔬菜栽培基地和蔬菜批发市场分别采集53个菜地土壤和100种蔬菜416个样品,以研究蔬菜和土壤铜含量及其健康风险,并评价不同蔬菜品种对土壤铜的富集能力。结果表明,与北京市土壤背景值相比,北京市菜地土壤铜积累明显,其含量范围、算术均值、中值、几何均值分别为6.0￣65.2、24.5、23.2和22.7 mg.kg-1,菜地土壤铜含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》的蔬菜地土壤质量标准;北京市蔬菜铜含量符合对数正态分布,其含量范围、算术均值和几何均值分别为0.024￣8.25、0.713和0.505 mg.kg-1鲜重;瓜果类蔬菜铜含量显著高于叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜,特菜类铜含量显著高于叶菜类蔬菜。北京市裸露地蔬菜铜含量显著高于设施栽培蔬菜,但北京市本地产蔬菜和外地产蔬菜铜含量差异不显著。铜含量与对土壤铜的富集能力以云架豆为最高,因而其抗污染能力较差,茄子、辣椒、小白菜和大葱铜含量次之,冬瓜、黄瓜、大白菜、西红柿、甘蓝、萝卜、叶甜菜和部分特菜最低。估算表明,北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入铜的量为815.6μg.人-.1d-1,目前尚无明显的健康风险。     

盐生野菜中硝酸盐·亚硝酸盐·维生素C含量的测定

测定了东营市9种盐生野菜和几种日常食用的蔬菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及维生素C的含量。结果证明:茵陈蒿、山苦荬、酸模、苣荬菜、蒙古雅葱符合无公害蔬菜标准,可以食用,并且他们都含有较多的维生素C,营养价值较高。灰绿藜、藜硝酸盐含量超标,地肤、翅碱蓬、灰绿藜亚硝酸盐含量超标,这些野菜不宜食用。     

吉林省野生草本地被植物在园林中的应用

通过对吉林省野生草本植物的抽样调查,筛选出具有较大园林应用价值的野生草本地被植物86种,分属于毛茛科、菊科、景天科等31个科;其中阳性植物30种,阴性植物37种,半阴性植物19种;多数为多年生草本,少数为1年生。吉林省野生草本地被植物在园林造景上具备个体美、群体美、富于季相变化与景观多样化等特点,同时能够体现出地方特色,具有较高的观赏价值和生态价值,根据不同的植物组成、用途和位置在园林中应用野生草本地被植物可采用多种形式。     

云南不同生态区域15单株罗望子果实性状比较研究初探

以云南5个生态区域采集的15株罗望子的果实为材料,对果实的16个性状进行分析研究,探讨罗望子果实品质进而筛选优良种质。结果表明：15株罗望子果实性状中,除了果实弯系数差异不显著,其余的果实性状指标差异都极显著。YM3的单果重（14.04g）、果肉重（6.63g）、种子重（4.79g）、种子数（10）最大,可以作为优良单株进行保存、繁殖后代。罗望子果实各个指标之间存在着显著或极显著的正相关或负相关性。     

野生大豆种质资源对大豆疫霉根腐病抗性评价

由大豆疫霉菌引起的大豆疫霉根腐病是严重影响大豆生产的毁灭性病害之一.防治该病经济有效的方法是抗病育种,而抗性资源筛选又是抗病育种的基础.本研究采用下胚轴伤口接种法,用黑龙江省的大豆疫霉菌的1号优势生理小种对来自全国19个省份的415份野生大豆资源进行了抗性鉴定,表现抗病的有96份,占总鉴定资源的23.1%,表现中抗的资源有152份,占36.6%,表现感病的资源有167份,占40.2%.根据野生大豆的来源分析发现,在我国,抗性野生大豆资源分布较广泛.     

氮肥利用研究现状及培育耐低氮胁迫蔬菜品种的探讨

文章针对我国目前的氮肥施用情况以及过量施用氮肥引起的问题、氮肥对蔬菜品质的影响、高氮效率植物的生理机制和遗传特性作了简述。并提出培育耐低氮胁迫蔬菜品种的可行性。