Semi-forest coffee cultivation and the conservation of Ethiopian Afromontane rainforest fragments

Coffea arabica shrubs are indigenous to the understorey of the moist evergreen montane rainforest of Ethiopia. Semi-forest coffee is harvested from semi-wild plants in forest fragments where farmers thin the upper canopy and annually slash the undergrowth. This traditional method of coffee cultivation is a driver for preservation of indigenous forest cover, differing from other forms of agriculture and land use which tend to reduce forest cover. Because coffee farmers are primarily interested in optimizing coffee productivity, understanding how coffee yield is maximized is necessary to evaluate how, and to what extent, coffee production can be compatible with forest conservation.Abiotic variables and biotic variables of the canopy were recorded in 26 plots within 20 forest fragments managed as semi-forest coffee systems near Jimma, SW Ethiopia. In each plot, coffee shrub characteristics and coffee yield were recorded for four coffee shrubs. Cluster and indicator species analyses were used to differentiate plant communities of shade trees. A multilevel linear mixed model approach was then used to evaluate the effect of abiotic soil variables, shade tree plant community, canopy and stand variables, coffee density and coffee shrub size variables on coffee yield.Climax species of the rainforest were underrepresented in the canopy. There were three impoverished shade tree communities, which differed in tree species composition but did not exhibit significant differences in abiotic soil variables, and did not directly influence coffee yield. Coffee yield was primarily determined by coffee shrub branchiness and basal diameter. At the stand level a reduced crown closure increased coffee yield. Yield was highest for coffee shrubs in stands with crown closure less than median (49 ± 1%). All stands showed a reduced number of stems and a lower canopy compared to values reported for undisturbed moist evergreen montane rainforests.Traditional coffee cultivation is associated to low tree species diversity and simplified forest structure: few stems, low canopy height and low crown closure. Despite intensive human interference some of the climax species are still present and may escape local extinction if they are tolerated and allowed to regenerate. The restoration of healthy populations of climax species is critical to preserve the biodiversity, regeneration capacity, vitality and ecosystem functions of the Ethiopian coffee forests.     

茄子黄萎病(Verticillium dahliae)人工免疫研究初报

试验证明分别用瓜类炭疽刺盘孢菌(Colletotrichum Lagenarium),大丽菊轮枝菌(Veriticillium dahliae),枸杞炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型(Fusarium Oxysporium f·sp,cucumertum)在茄苗第二片真叶上诱发接种后,不经强化接种没有明显的免疫效果。用大丽菊轮枝菌和尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型在第三片真叶上诱发接种(V_3,F_3),再在第4片真叶上强化接种一次,有明显的免疫效果,免疫效果均为71.4％。用瓜类刺盘孢菌,枸杞炭疽病菌和尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型在第2片真叶上诱发接种(C_2,G_2,F_2),再在第3片真叶上强化接种一次有较好的免疫效果,免疫效果分别为66.7％,60％,58.3％。用尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型蘸根诱发接种的处理(Fr)免疫效果为60.8％。     

中抗褐稻虱稻种抗性鉴定方法的研究

采用改良苗期群体筛选法,可将对褐稻虱具中抗水平的栽培稻和野生稻与感虫稻种区分开来。但如接虫量过大,则中抗稻种会被评为感虫。此外,当采用植株损害系数评价耐害性时,可用植株生长速率来代替原公式中的植株干物质比率。本法可提高工效,并且不会伤害植株,有利于抗虫品种的后代选育。     

有机肥对茄子生长发育及抗病性的影响

采用施用不同水平鸡粪和猪粪试验，研究了2种有机肥对茄子产生、生长发育和抗病性的影响。结果表明：在设定的施肥量范围内，2种有机肥的施肥量与产时均呈良好的线性关系，线性方程为y^鸡粪=14.222 0.4864x，相关系数r=0.9408，达显著水平，y^qt猪粪=13.896 0.5008x，相关系数r=0.9852，达极显著水平。有机肥可提高茄子单果重和单株结果数，改善植株的生长发育条件，减轻茄子黄萎病的危害。最适施肥量为猪粪5.0-10.0t/667m^2，鸡粪2.5-5.0t/667m^2。     

中国东北抗蚜野生大豆重复鉴定的研究

对3份野生大豆85-32、85-39和85-1在人工气候箱内进行抗蚜重复鉴定。结果表明,85-32为抗(R)大豆蚜虫,而85-39、85-1为感蚜材料(S),抗级与栽培大豆吉林35无明显差异。研究结果对大豆抗蚜育种及遗传研究中抗源材料的应用提供了保障。     

呼伦贝尔盟野生果树资源的调查

内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟野生果树种质资源丰富，初步查明有31种，分属于10科，18属。多数种的果实适于加工、药用或生食，有些种是生产上的重要砧木。野生果树具有适应性广、抗寒性强等特点，是有价值的有种原始材料和砧木直接选优用于生产也有很大潜力。本文为开发利用呼盟野生果树资源提供了依据。     

宁夏及内蒙西部荒漠草原缨翅目种类调查

经调查宁夏和内蒙古西部荒漠草原区的缨翅目昆虫分属2个亚目、3个科、19个属、40个种;其中有中国新纪录属3个,新纪录种17个.它们分别是:镰蓟马属,异跳蓟马属,棘管蓟马属,沙居纹蓟马,黄腹纹蓟马,蒙古纹蓟马,瘦尾指蓟马,细角新绢蓟马,塔吉克新绢蓟马,葡萄镰蓟马,淡红缺翅蓟马,羚角异跳蓟马,阿利异跳蓟马,双钩齿蓟马,二刺齿蓟马,大蓟马,角棘管蓟马,突厥喙管蓟马,梭梭无翅管蓟马,尖毛简管蓟马.     

山东野生果树种质资源研究

明确了山东境内原始分布的野生果树种质资源的种类为20科34属81种(变种)。在81个种和变种中,除极少数种(变种)仅做栽培种的砧木外,绝大多数兼具鲜食、加工用途,包括加工罐头、饮料、酒类、食用油、调味品、食品添加剂等。多数具有药用和保健价值。有些种(变种)兼具观赏应用价值,有些种可作为繁殖材料应用。分析了山东野生果树种质资源研究、保护与开发利用的现状。提出了资源保护与开发利用的建议。     

栽培蕨菜与野生蕨菜和常见栽培蔬菜营养成分的对比分析

[目的]探索野生蕨菜和栽培蕨菜以及常见栽培蔬菜所含主要营养成分的种类和数量的差异。[方法]采用化学分析法,对野生蕨菜和栽培蕨菜以及常见栽培蔬菜所含主要营养成分进行了分析对比。主要的营养成分分别为水分、蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、维生素C(Vc)、维生素B2(VB2)、钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、钾、磷、胡萝卜素。[结果]野生蕨菜和栽培蕨菜所含主要营养成分种类相同,数量存在着一定差异,但并不显著。与野生蕨菜相比,栽培蕨菜的水分、蛋白质的含量明显偏高,Vc、钾等的含量略偏高,铜、锌的含量相同,而其他测定营养成分的含量较低。与大多数蔬菜,如大白菜、甘蓝、马铃薯、番茄、白萝卜等相比,栽培蕨菜的主要营养成分,或者是说综合营养价值也要高出一些。[结论]食用栽培蕨菜与食用野生蕨菜营养保健效果相当。从保护野生植物资源的角度出发,应该大力发展蕨菜的人工栽培与生产。     

鄱阳湖野生蔬菜种质资源及其生境型调查

据调查，鄱阳湖野生蔬菜有２５种，分１６科２４属。根据对湖水深度和草洲土壤湿度等适应性的差异，将其生境类型分为水生野生蔬菜有浮叶型、挺水型，旱生野生蔬菜有湿生型和中生型。浮叶型主要分布于高程１１～１３ｍ的湖底滩地上，叶片浮水而生；挺水型分布高程１２～１５ｍ，植株挺立水面生长；湿生型和中生型则主要分布于高程１４～１７ｍ的草洲。鄱阳湖野生蔬菜种类随湖水的涨落呈季节性更替，且多呈不规则等高分布。