Chitosan Stimulates Defense Reactions in Grapevine Leaves and Inhibits Development of Botrytis Cinerea

Chitosan (β-1,4-linked glucosamine oligomer) derived from crab shells conferred a high protection of grapevine leaves against grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea. Under controlled conditions, it was shown to be an efficient elicitor of some defense reactions in grapevine leaves and to inhibit directly the in vitro development of B. cinerea. Treatment of grapevine leaves by chitosan led to marked induction of lipoxygenase (LOX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chitinase activities, three markers of plant defense responses. Dose-response curves show that maximum defense reactions (PAL and chitinase activities) and strong reduction of B. cinerea infection were achieved with 75–150 mg l⁻¹ chitosan. However, greater concentrations of chitosan did not protect grapevine leaves with the same efficiency, but inhibited mycelial growth in vitro. Present results underlined the potency of chitosan in inducing some defense responses in grapevine leaves which in turn might improve resistance to grey mould.     

Detection and Elimination of Viruses in Callus, Somatic Embryos and Regenerated Plantlets of Grapevine

The distribution of some grapevine viruses in flower explants, embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli, single somatic embryos and plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures was investigated by RT-PCR and ELISA. Immature anthers and ovaries of the cultivars Grignolino infected by GRSPaV, GLRaV-1 and GVA, Müller-Thurgau infected by GRSPaV and GLRaV-3 and Bosco infected by GRSPaV were cultivated on media inducing indirect somatic embryogenesis. Viruses were detected both in anthers and ovaries. Four months after culture initiation 65.6% of tested calli were infected by at least one virus; high percentages of virus infection were found in calli originating from ovaries. No virus was detected in calli tested 8 months after culture initiation, as well as in single somatic embryos or in embryo-derived plantlets. Somatic embryogenesis confirmed its effectiveness in eliminating phloem-limited grapevine viruses. Regeneration of RT-PCR negative plantlets occurred even when at least a sector of the callus was still infected: the mechanism whereby somatic embryos are freed of some viruses could be related to the rapid proliferation of embryogenic cells within the callus or to the origin of the embryogenic callus from virus-free cells within the original explant.     

Effects of three esca-associated fungi on Vitis vinifera L.: II. Characterization of biomolecules in xylem sap and leaves of healthy and diseased vines

Secondary metabolites and host defense compounds were shown to occur in xylem sap, and leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Italia and cv. Matilde naturally infected by the esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Togninia minima (Tmi) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme). Samples of xylem sap and leaves were collected from healthy vines and from vines showing severe symptoms of brown wood-streaking caused by Pch and Tmi, or from vines with symptoms of both brown wood-streaking and white rot caused by Fme. Xylem sap collection was carried out during the early spring of 2003 and 2004, corresponding to the phenological phases: (A) cotton bud; (B) green tip; (C) leaves out; (D) stretched out leaves; and (E) visible clusters. In the present work we have studied the accumulation of biomolecules (pentaketides and α-glucans), host defense compounds (benzaldehydes, benzoic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives, flavonols, flavanols, flavan-3-ol derivatives and stilbenes) at different stages of grapevine development. Accumulation and changes in total phenolics and recurring phenolics, and of three phytotoxic secondary metabolites (scytalone, isosclerone and pullulan) were analyzed by HPLC. On comparing results for cv. Italia and cv. Matilde, it can be seen that phenolic concentrations are strongly related to the cv.     

Effects of three esca-associated fungi on Vitis vinifera L.: III. Enzymes produced by the pathogens and their role in fungus-to-plant or in fungus-to-fungus interactions

When the esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Togninia minima (Tmi) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme) were grown in liquid stationary cultures, it was seen that they were able to live in media containing resveratrol (RES) or tannic acid (TA) as the sole carbon source and that the fungi were able to convert both compounds. Particular attention is paid here to detecting RES and TA conversion. Pch, Tmi and Fme were partially inhibited by RES or TA. Pch, Tmi and Fme produced extracellular tannase, laccase and peroxidase enzymes in liquid or agarized cultures, whether glucose was present or not. When colonies of Pch, Tmi and Fme were confronted, they showed spatially and temporally heterogeneous patterns of laccase and peroxidase activity. The results indicate the non-synergistic, competitive association of Pch and Tmi and the inhibition of Fme growth. Muconic acid, a well-known intermediate in a large number of lignin and phenol oxidative processes, can partly or completely inhibit the lignolytic agent Fme, but is tolerated by Pch and Tmi. An explanation for wood pigmentation patterns by Pch, Tmi and Fme is given.     

葡萄实生树开花节位与内源激素变化的关系

 采用酶联免疫法( ELISA) 分析了巨峰葡萄2年生自然实生树不同节位芽中内源赤霉素(GA₃和GA_{4 + 7} ) 、吲哚乙酸( IAA) 、脱落酸(ABA) 、玉米素核苷(ZR) 和异戊基腺嘌呤( iPA) 的含量; 并对实生树自然条件下最低成花节位进行了调查。结果表明, 2年生巨峰实生树在20节左右进入生殖生长阶段, GA₃和GA_{4 + 7}的含量随着节位升高而降低, ABA的含量却急剧增加, 但在第31～35节又降到很低;ABA /GA₃和ABA /GA_{4 + 7}在16～20 节前变化不大, 而在此之后, 都一致表现出上升的趋势, 这反映了以GA₃或GA_{4 + 7}为基数的比值, 可以更明显地反应激素的变化及其与巨峰葡萄阶段转变的关系。     

葡萄新品种‘紫秋’

 从野生刺葡萄资源中选育出的新品种‘紫秋’, 植株生长势强, 适应性强, 耐旱、耐粗放栽培,抗病性强, 适合南方高温、多湿气候条件, 而且结果早, 产量高, 果实味甜, 风味好, 市场上颇受欢迎。     

15份葡萄种质亲缘关系的ISSR分析

利用ISSR标记对15份葡萄材料进行了基因组多态性分析,从60条引物中筛选出15条用于葡萄的ISSR扩增。共扩增出105条带,其中多态性条带91条,多态性百分率为86.7%。根据ISSR扩增结果,利用NTSYSpc2.10e软件进行Jaccard相似性系数分析,15份葡萄材料的遗传相似系数为0.27～0.75,平均遗传相似系数为0.471。通过UPGMA进行聚类分析,探索亲缘关系。在遗传相似系数0.39处,15份葡萄材料可分为2大类群。第1类包含7份山葡萄资源、2个山欧杂交品种,第2类包含3个欧亚种品种、2个欧美杂种品种和1个美洲杂种品种。由此可见,山葡萄与欧亚种、美洲杂种葡萄的亲缘关系较远,欧亚种与美洲杂种之间亲缘关系较近。     

应用隶属函数法综合评价葡萄种间抗寒性

在冷冻胁迫条件下,测定了葡萄属12个种45个株系枝条的膜透性变化、含水量动态变化及萌芽能力3项指标,并以种内不同株系间3项指标的平均值综合评价了12个种的抗寒性。结果表明,我国葡萄属野生种(东亚种群)山葡萄、燕山葡萄以及美洲种群中的河岸葡萄为高抗类型;蘡薁葡萄、复叶葡萄、毛葡萄为中抗类型;秋葡萄、刺葡萄、瘤枝葡萄为低抗类型;秦岭葡萄、麦黄葡萄和欧洲葡萄为不抗类型。抗寒性指标间相关性分析表明,利用平均隶属度评价葡萄抗寒性最为科学,为鉴定葡萄新种质提供了依据。     

用过氧化物酶同工酶对中国葡萄属野生种分类和亲缘关系的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）对我国葡萄属１２个野生种和变种进行了过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）同工酶的研究。结果如下：绘制了葡萄属的基本酶谱，共分离出３５条酶带，用过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱可把供试材料分为三组。综合同工酶谱和聚类分析的结果，认为刺葡萄，秋葡萄、复叶葡萄、瘤枝葡萄和华东葡萄是葡萄属中较原始的类型，山葡萄、燕山葡萄、和麦黄葡萄是较进化的类型，种的分组与进化和地理分布有关。     

葡萄种质资源花穗形状分类标准的建立及其动态发育过程分析

【目的】葡萄是重要的经济果树,果穗形状会影响其经济价值。本研究跟踪调查255份葡萄种质资源的果穗发育过程,建立新的花序形状并完善果穗形状分类标准,为葡萄生产提供理论支撑。【方法】田间跟踪调查255份葡萄种质资源的花穗长宽发育情况,在开花期、果实膨大期以及果实成熟期3个关键时期测量主穗长宽、小穗长宽、小穗角度、果粒横纵径、果粒重以及果柄长,分析果穗形状动态发育过程中各指标变化规律。【结果】基于255份葡萄种质资源的田间调查结果,将花序与果穗形状分为长圆锥、短圆锥、长圆柱、短圆柱并建立新的花序与果穗形状分类标准。调查发现,在葡萄花序发育过程中,52.55%的花序会发生形状变化,以长圆柱花序居多,大多发育为短圆柱果穗。因此,果穗形状形成类型有16种。对葡萄穗长穗宽的分析发现,长圆锥花序在发育过程中具有较高的“稳定性”,对于短圆锥、长圆柱、短圆柱花序而言,穗长对形状影响更大,进一步探究发现小穗长/宽以及小穗角度尤其是上部小穗的长宽与角度是影响花穗形状外缘的主要因素。【结论】本研究将花序与果穗形状分为长圆锥、短圆锥、长圆柱、短圆柱4种,提出了一个花序、果穗的形状分类标准的计算方法,同时对调查数据进行了实际计算与分类。一半以上葡萄花序的形状会发生变化,圆锥花序的形状较稳定。穗长、穗宽、小穗长宽及小穗角度对穗形影响较大,分别表现在影响形状的长宽和外缘,尤其是上部小穗的长宽与角度是影响柱锥判断的最主要原因。小穗角度的变化会影响小穗反映在形状上的有效长度。本研究进一步提出了基于花穗形状的整形修剪方法,可为葡萄的整形修剪提供理论基础。